Unit 13: Urinary System Flashcards
Function of Urinary System
-Remove waste products
–from bloodstream (toxic wastes & unused nutrients)
–as urine
-Regulate fluid & electrolyte balance
–acid-base balance, calcium metabolism
Regulate blood pressure – body fluids
Structure of Urinary System
- Kidneys
- Urinary Bladder
- Ureter
- Urethra
Nephrons
Site of urine formation
Glomerulus
Site of blood filtering
Calyces & Pelvis
collect urine from kidneys
Ureters
tubules between kidney & urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
muscular organ storing urine
Urethra
tube between urinary bladder & external opening; longer in males
Normal urine output
1-1.5 liters a day
Oliguria
decrease in urine output, same frequency, less than 0.4L/day
due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms
Anuria
no urine output
due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis
Polyuria
increase in urine output, ~2.5 L/day
due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH
Hematuria
blood (red blood cells) in urine
due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning
Hemoglobinuria
- hemoglobin in urine,
due to poisons, increased destruction anemia
Glycosuria
sugar in urine, (absent in normal urine)
due to diabetes
Ketonuria
ketones (from burning fat) in urine, (absent in normal urine)
due to diabetes, starvation
Pyuria (pyoturia)
- pus in urine
due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney
Uremia
– urine present in blood
renal insufficiency
Horseshoe kidney
fusion of two kidneys at one pole due to abnormal embryogenesis most common anomaly (1 in 500) usually asymptomatic higher risk of kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease
-inherited (genetic)
multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys
-Cause massive kidney enlargement (x20)
normal kidney 1 lb
Adult polycystic disease
Caused by autosomal dominant defect
Common in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30
Complications of Adult Polycystic Disease
- chronic inflammation
- fibrosis
- hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension
- kidney failure
Childhood polycystic disease
Caused by autosomal recessive defect
May appear at birth or after 1 year of age
Develops rapidly
75% of infants die
Complications of Childhood polycystic disease
often associated with liver cysts & biliary ductal hyperplasia
- cirrhosis-like scars
- large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs
Hypoplasia
underdevelopment, small kidney
clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) & electrolyte disturbances
renal failure ~age of 20
Dysplasia
abnormal development (kidney)
aka. multicystic dysplasia of kidney (MCDK)
–most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancy
possible causes of congenital dysplasia of kidneys
–genetic factors
–mother’s exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure); cocaine
Aplasia
complete failure to form an organ (kidney)
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli of cortex
cause of glomerulonerphritis
bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexes
symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
oliguria, hematuria, back pain, hypertension (systemic effect)
complications of Glomerulonephritis
scar tissue & possibly kidney stones
non-inflammatory nephropathy
disease of nephrons
non-inflammatory nephropathy is also known as
Nephrotic syndrome = collection of symptoms •characterized by –swelling of the body (edema) –large amounts of protein in urine –increased blood cholesterol
Non-inflammatory nephropathy is caused by
–glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia
–infections – strep, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer
–heavy metals (mercury, gold), snake venom, heroin
Symptoms of non-inflammatory nephropathy
hematuria, oliguria, uremia (urine wastes back up into blood –>mental changes)
complications of non-inflammatory nephropathy
necrosis & possible bleeding, kidney failure, scar tissue, stones
Hydronephrosis
fluid (usually urine) collects in the pelvis & calyces of one or both kidneys as a result of obstruction,
Hydronephrosis is due to
stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia
Hydronephrosis causes
kidney distention & cysts
Kidney - Arteriosclerosis
of the Renal Artery–>narrowing of renal artery–>obstruction to blood flow–>renal ischemia and infarction
Predisposing Factors of Kidney - Arteriosclerosis
–high fat diet, obesity
–diabetes mellitus
–hypertension
Pyelitis
inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of kidneys caused by bacterial infection
•acute or chronic
–chronic may lead to kidney failure
Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis are caused by
–kidney stones (#1)
–ascending UTI
–intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli),
Symptoms of Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis
hematuria, oliguria
Complications of Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis
scaring, formation of stones & chronic kidney disease
•Some chronic renal infection may be localized & form a mass-like lesion
•may mimic a neoplasm
Pyonephrosis
infection of renal collecting system
- pus collects in kidney pelvis
- usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones
- can result in kidney abscess & kidney failure
Nephrolithiasis=Renal Calculi
calcium deposits in kidney–>form hard kidney stones
2 main types of renal calculi
- caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys
- caused by high fat diet
Complications of renal calculi
- stones–>hematuria, oliguria & frequent urination
- spasm ad severe muscle pain
hypernephroma
renal cell carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm in lining of kidney tubules
- very destructive, slowly growing
- between ages 50-70, often men
risk factors of hyponephroma
- smoking
- genetics
- dialysis treatment
symptoms of hypernephroma
heavy hematuria, pain
kidney is not usual site for _________
metastases
Transitional cell carcinoma
- transitional epithelium lining the ureters
- cause unknown
risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma
- using over-the-counter pain meds for a long period of time
- exposure to some dyes & chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics & rubber
symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma
hematuria, oliguria, dysuria, back pain, extreme tiredness weight loss.
Ureteritis
inflammation of the ureters
ureteritis is caused by
- ascending infections of urinary tract
- kidney stones pushed in ureters
- neoplasm
Symptoms of ureteritis
- hematuria
- oliguria
- uremia
complications of ureteritis
-scar tissue, stone completely blocking ureter
double ureters
- exiting from each kidney & extending to bladder
- partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters
- occurs in about 1 in 150 people
- obstructive problems due to abnormal flow of urine & entrance of two ureters into the bladder in close proximity.
urothelial carcinoma
- transitional cell carcinoma
- neoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladder
- highly malignant
- usually in males over 60 yrs old
risk factors of urothelial carcinoma
cigarette smoking, chemicals, chronic cystitis
symptoms of urothelial carcinoma
- appear late
- hematuria
- dysuria
- nocturia
Cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
•more common in sexually active females
Cystitis is caused by
- ascending infections, especially in females
- stones from kidneys & ureters that have fallen into the bladder
- bladder cancer
Predisposing factors of cystitis
- pregnancy
- enlarged prostate
- catheters
- prior history of stones
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urethritis caused by
- Females - UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria
- Males: STDs (gonorrhea), trauma
- Stones
Symptoms of urethritis
burning upon urination, discharge during urination
Complications of urethritis
Scar tissue (rare)
Acute renal failure
sudden failure of kidneys to perform their functions
•usually related to drop in blood flow to kidneys,or blockage of urine flow
Chronic renal failure
- may result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long-term substance abuse
- progresses to end-stage renal disease
Postmortem conditions
- Edema
- uremia
- Jaundice
- Dehydration
- Odor
