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Pathology > Unit 13: Urinary System > Flashcards

Unit 13: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Urinary System

A

-Remove waste products
–from bloodstream (toxic wastes & unused nutrients)
–as urine
-Regulate fluid & electrolyte balance
–acid-base balance, calcium metabolism
Regulate blood pressure – body fluids

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2
Q

Structure of Urinary System

A
  • Kidneys
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Ureter
  • Urethra
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3
Q

Nephrons

A

Site of urine formation

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4
Q

Glomerulus

A

Site of blood filtering

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5
Q

Calyces & Pelvis

A

collect urine from kidneys

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6
Q

Ureters

A

tubules between kidney & urinary bladder

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7
Q

Urinary bladder

A

muscular organ storing urine

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8
Q

Urethra

A

tube between urinary bladder & external opening; longer in males

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9
Q

Normal urine output

A

1-1.5 liters a day

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10
Q

Oliguria

A

decrease in urine output, same frequency, less than 0.4L/day
due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms

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11
Q

Anuria

A

no urine output

due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis

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12
Q

Polyuria

A

increase in urine output, ~2.5 L/day

due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH

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13
Q

Hematuria

A

blood (red blood cells) in urine

due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning

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14
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A
  • hemoglobin in urine,

due to poisons, increased destruction anemia

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15
Q

Glycosuria

A

sugar in urine, (absent in normal urine)

due to diabetes

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16
Q

Ketonuria

A

ketones (from burning fat) in urine, (absent in normal urine)
due to diabetes, starvation

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17
Q

Pyuria (pyoturia)

A
  • pus in urine

due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney

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18
Q

Uremia

A

– urine present in blood

renal insufficiency

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19
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A 
fusion of two kidneys at one pole 
due to abnormal embryogenesis
most common anomaly (1 in 500)
usually asymptomatic
higher risk of kidney disease
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20
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

-inherited (genetic)
multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys
-Cause massive kidney enlargement (x20)
normal kidney 1 lb

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21
Q

Adult polycystic disease

A

Caused by autosomal dominant defect

Common in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30

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22
Q

Complications of Adult Polycystic Disease

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • fibrosis
  • hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension
  • kidney failure
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23
Q

Childhood polycystic disease

A

Caused by autosomal recessive defect
May appear at birth or after 1 year of age
Develops rapidly
75% of infants die

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24
Q

Complications of Childhood polycystic disease

A

often associated with liver cysts & biliary ductal hyperplasia

  • cirrhosis-like scars
  • large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs
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25
Q

Hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment, small kidney
clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) & electrolyte disturbances
renal failure ~age of 20

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26
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal development (kidney)
aka. multicystic dysplasia of kidney (MCDK)
–most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancy

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27
Q

possible causes of congenital dysplasia of kidneys

A

–genetic factors

–mother’s exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure); cocaine

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28
Q

Aplasia

A

complete failure to form an organ (kidney)

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29
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli of cortex

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30
Q

cause of glomerulonerphritis

A

bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexes

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31
Q

symptoms of Glomerulonephritis

A

oliguria, hematuria, back pain, hypertension (systemic effect)

32
Q

complications of Glomerulonephritis

A

scar tissue & possibly kidney stones

33
Q

non-inflammatory nephropathy

A

disease of nephrons

34
Q

non-inflammatory nephropathy is also known as

A 
Nephrotic syndrome = collection of symptoms
•characterized by
–swelling of the body (edema)
–large amounts of protein in urine
–increased blood cholesterol
35
Q

Non-inflammatory nephropathy is caused by

A

–glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia
–infections – strep, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer
–heavy metals (mercury, gold), snake venom, heroin

36
Q

Symptoms of non-inflammatory nephropathy

A

hematuria, oliguria, uremia (urine wastes back up into blood –>mental changes)

37
Q

complications of non-inflammatory nephropathy

A

necrosis & possible bleeding, kidney failure, scar tissue, stones

38
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

fluid (usually urine) collects in the pelvis & calyces of one or both kidneys as a result of obstruction,

39
Q

Hydronephrosis is due to

A

stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia

40
Q

Hydronephrosis causes

A

kidney distention & cysts

41
Q

Kidney - Arteriosclerosis

A

of the Renal Artery–>narrowing of renal artery–>obstruction to blood flow–>renal ischemia and infarction

42
Q

Predisposing Factors of Kidney - Arteriosclerosis

A

–high fat diet, obesity
–diabetes mellitus
–hypertension

43
Q

Pyelitis

A

inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection

44
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of kidneys caused by bacterial infection
•acute or chronic
–chronic may lead to kidney failure

45
Q

Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis are caused by

A

–kidney stones (#1)
–ascending UTI
–intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli),

46
Q

Symptoms of Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis

A

hematuria, oliguria

47
Q

Complications of Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis

A

scaring, formation of stones & chronic kidney disease
•Some chronic renal infection may be localized & form a mass-like lesion
•may mimic a neoplasm

48
Q

Pyonephrosis

A

infection of renal collecting system

  • pus collects in kidney pelvis
  • usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones
  • can result in kidney abscess & kidney failure
49
Q

Nephrolithiasis=Renal Calculi

A

calcium deposits in kidney–>form hard kidney stones

50
Q

2 main types of renal calculi

A
  • caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys

- caused by high fat diet

51
Q

Complications of renal calculi

A
  • stones–>hematuria, oliguria & frequent urination

- spasm ad severe muscle pain

52
Q

hypernephroma

A

renal cell carcinoma

  • malignant neoplasm in lining of kidney tubules
  • very destructive, slowly growing
  • between ages 50-70, often men
53
Q

risk factors of hyponephroma

A
  • smoking
  • genetics
  • dialysis treatment
54
Q

symptoms of hypernephroma

A

heavy hematuria, pain

55
Q

kidney is not usual site for _________

A

metastases

56
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma

A
  • transitional epithelium lining the ureters

- cause unknown

57
Q

risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma

A
  • using over-the-counter pain meds for a long period of time
  • exposure to some dyes & chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics & rubber
58
Q

symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

A

hematuria, oliguria, dysuria, back pain, extreme tiredness weight loss.

59
Q

Ureteritis

A

inflammation of the ureters

60
Q

ureteritis is caused by

A
  • ascending infections of urinary tract
  • kidney stones pushed in ureters
  • neoplasm
61
Q

Symptoms of ureteritis

A
  • hematuria
  • oliguria
  • uremia
62
Q

complications of ureteritis

A

-scar tissue, stone completely blocking ureter

63
Q

double ureters

A
  • exiting from each kidney & extending to bladder
  • partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters
  • occurs in about 1 in 150 people
  • obstructive problems due to abnormal flow of urine & entrance of two ureters into the bladder in close proximity.
64
Q

urothelial carcinoma

A
  • transitional cell carcinoma
  • neoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladder
  • highly malignant
  • usually in males over 60 yrs old
65
Q

risk factors of urothelial carcinoma

A

cigarette smoking, chemicals, chronic cystitis

66
Q

symptoms of urothelial carcinoma

A
  • appear late
  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • nocturia
67
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the urinary bladder

•more common in sexually active females

68
Q

Cystitis is caused by

A
  • ascending infections, especially in females
  • stones from kidneys & ureters that have fallen into the bladder
  • bladder cancer
69
Q

Predisposing factors of cystitis

A
  • pregnancy
  • enlarged prostate
  • catheters
  • prior history of stones
70
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra

71
Q

urethritis caused by

A
  • Females - UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria
  • Males: STDs (gonorrhea), trauma
  • Stones
72
Q

Symptoms of urethritis

A

burning upon urination, discharge during urination

73
Q

Complications of urethritis

A

Scar tissue (rare)

74
Q

Acute renal failure

A

sudden failure of kidneys to perform their functions

•usually related to drop in blood flow to kidneys,or blockage of urine flow

75
Q

Chronic renal failure

A
  • may result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long-term substance abuse
  • progresses to end-stage renal disease
76
Q

Postmortem conditions

A
  • Edema
  • uremia
  • Jaundice
  • Dehydration
  • Odor

Pathology (17 decks)

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