Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Unit 13: Urinary System > Flashcards

Unit 13: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Urinary System

A

-Remove waste products
–from bloodstream (toxic wastes & unused nutrients)
–as urine
-Regulate fluid & electrolyte balance
–acid-base balance, calcium metabolism
Regulate blood pressure – body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structure of Urinary System

A
  • Kidneys
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Ureter
  • Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nephrons

A

Site of urine formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glomerulus

A

Site of blood filtering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calyces & Pelvis

A

collect urine from kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ureters

A

tubules between kidney & urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urinary bladder

A

muscular organ storing urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urethra

A

tube between urinary bladder & external opening; longer in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal urine output

A

1-1.5 liters a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oliguria

A

decrease in urine output, same frequency, less than 0.4L/day
due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anuria

A

no urine output

due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polyuria

A

increase in urine output, ~2.5 L/day

due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hematuria

A

blood (red blood cells) in urine

due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A
  • hemoglobin in urine,

due to poisons, increased destruction anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glycosuria

A

sugar in urine, (absent in normal urine)

due to diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ketonuria

A

ketones (from burning fat) in urine, (absent in normal urine)
due to diabetes, starvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pyuria (pyoturia)

A
  • pus in urine

due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Uremia

A

– urine present in blood

renal insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A 
fusion of two kidneys at one pole 
due to abnormal embryogenesis
most common anomaly (1 in 500)
usually asymptomatic
higher risk of kidney disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

-inherited (genetic)
multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys
-Cause massive kidney enlargement (x20)
normal kidney 1 lb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adult polycystic disease

A

Caused by autosomal dominant defect

Common in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Complications of Adult Polycystic Disease

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • fibrosis
  • hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension
  • kidney failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Childhood polycystic disease

A

Caused by autosomal recessive defect
May appear at birth or after 1 year of age
Develops rapidly
75% of infants die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Complications of Childhood polycystic disease

A

often associated with liver cysts & biliary ductal hyperplasia

  • cirrhosis-like scars
  • large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hypoplasia
underdevelopment, small kidney clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) & electrolyte disturbances renal failure ~age of 20
26
Dysplasia
abnormal development (kidney) aka. multicystic dysplasia of kidney (MCDK) –most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancy
27
possible causes of congenital dysplasia of kidneys
–genetic factors | –mother’s exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure); cocaine
28
Aplasia
complete failure to form an organ (kidney)
29
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli of cortex
30
cause of glomerulonerphritis
bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexes
31
symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
oliguria, hematuria, back pain, hypertension (systemic effect)
32
complications of Glomerulonephritis
scar tissue & possibly kidney stones
33
non-inflammatory nephropathy
disease of nephrons
34
non-inflammatory nephropathy is also known as
``` Nephrotic syndrome = collection of symptoms •characterized by –swelling of the body (edema) –large amounts of protein in urine –increased blood cholesterol ```
35
Non-inflammatory nephropathy is caused by
–glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia –infections – strep, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer –heavy metals (mercury, gold), snake venom, heroin
36
Symptoms of non-inflammatory nephropathy
hematuria, oliguria, uremia (urine wastes back up into blood -->mental changes)
37
complications of non-inflammatory nephropathy
necrosis & possible bleeding, kidney failure, scar tissue, stones
38
Hydronephrosis
fluid (usually urine) collects in the pelvis & calyces of one or both kidneys as a result of obstruction,
39
Hydronephrosis is due to
stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia
40
Hydronephrosis causes
kidney distention & cysts
41
Kidney - Arteriosclerosis
of the Renal Artery-->narrowing of renal artery-->obstruction to blood flow-->renal ischemia and infarction
42
Predisposing Factors of Kidney - Arteriosclerosis
–high fat diet, obesity –diabetes mellitus –hypertension
43
Pyelitis
inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection
44
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of kidneys caused by bacterial infection •acute or chronic –chronic may lead to kidney failure
45
Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis are caused by
–kidney stones (#1) –ascending UTI –intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli),
46
Symptoms of Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis
hematuria, oliguria
47
Complications of Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis
scaring, formation of stones & chronic kidney disease •Some chronic renal infection may be localized & form a mass-like lesion •may mimic a neoplasm
48
Pyonephrosis
infection of renal collecting system - pus collects in kidney pelvis - usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones - can result in kidney abscess & kidney failure
49
Nephrolithiasis=Renal Calculi
calcium deposits in kidney-->form hard kidney stones
50
2 main types of renal calculi
- caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys | - caused by high fat diet
51
Complications of renal calculi
- stones-->hematuria, oliguria & frequent urination | - spasm ad severe muscle pain
52
hypernephroma
renal cell carcinoma - malignant neoplasm in lining of kidney tubules - very destructive, slowly growing - between ages 50-70, often men
53
risk factors of hyponephroma
- smoking - genetics - dialysis treatment
54
symptoms of hypernephroma
heavy hematuria, pain
55
kidney is not usual site for _________
metastases
56
Transitional cell carcinoma
- transitional epithelium lining the ureters | - cause unknown
57
risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma
- using over-the-counter pain meds for a long period of time - exposure to some dyes & chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics & rubber
58
symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma
hematuria, oliguria, dysuria, back pain, extreme tiredness weight loss.
59
Ureteritis
inflammation of the ureters
60
ureteritis is caused by
- ascending infections of urinary tract - kidney stones pushed in ureters - neoplasm
61
Symptoms of ureteritis
- hematuria - oliguria - uremia
62
complications of ureteritis
-scar tissue, stone completely blocking ureter
63
double ureters
- exiting from each kidney & extending to bladder - partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters - occurs in about 1 in 150 people - obstructive problems due to abnormal flow of urine & entrance of two ureters into the bladder in close proximity.
64
urothelial carcinoma
- transitional cell carcinoma - neoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladder - highly malignant - usually in males over 60 yrs old
65
risk factors of urothelial carcinoma
cigarette smoking, chemicals, chronic cystitis
66
symptoms of urothelial carcinoma
- appear late - hematuria - dysuria - nocturia
67
Cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder | •more common in sexually active females
68
Cystitis is caused by
* ascending infections, especially in females * stones from kidneys & ureters that have fallen into the bladder * bladder cancer
69
Predisposing factors of cystitis
* pregnancy * enlarged prostate * catheters * prior history of stones
70
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
71
urethritis caused by
* Females - UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria * Males: STDs (gonorrhea), trauma * Stones
72
Symptoms of urethritis
burning upon urination, discharge during urination
73
Complications of urethritis
Scar tissue (rare)
74
Acute renal failure
sudden failure of kidneys to perform their functions | •usually related to drop in blood flow to kidneys,or blockage of urine flow
75
Chronic renal failure
* may result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long-term substance abuse * progresses to end-stage renal disease
76
Postmortem conditions
- Edema - uremia - Jaundice - Dehydration - Odor

Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions