Unit 7: Neoplasms & Cysts (oncology) Flashcards
0
Q
Cellular alterations
A
Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse conditions
1
Q
Factors that regulate growth of normal body cells
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- Genetic program
- limited by contact with other cells
- growth-promoting and/or growth-inhibiting factors
2
Q
Two types of cellular alterations
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- Non-neoplastic changes
- neoplastic changes
3
Q
Non-neoplastic changes
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- Atrophy
- hypertrophy
- dysplasia
- metaplasia
4
Q
Dysplasia
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Usually follows hyperplasia, altered size, shape, and organization of cells
5
Q
Metaplasia
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Cell changes to another cell type
6
Q
Neoplasm (tumor)
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Development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth
7
Q
Neoplasm etiology
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-genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogens.
Exposure to carcinogens may increase or promote abnormality of the cell
8
Q
Carcinogen
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Cancer-causing agent or substance
9
Q
Examples of carcinogens
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- genetic predisposition
- microbial carcinogen
- radioactive factors
- Chemical carcinogen
- hormones
- animal carcinogen
- personal risk behaviors
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Q
Genetic predisposition (carcinogens)
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Colon, breast, prostate cancer
11
Q
Microbial carcinogens
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Fungal toxins on grains, nuts and peanut butter and viruses like HPV and hepatitis B
12
Q
Radioactive factors (carcinogens)
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UV rays, x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays
13
Q
Chemical carcinogens
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Asbestos, nickle, arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride
14
Q
Hormones (carcinogens)
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Estrogen and/or progesterone, testosterone
15
Q
Animal carcinogens
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Acrylamide & residue on barbecued meats
16
Q
Personal risk behaviors (carcinogens)
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Smoking & tobacco, diet, alcohol use, sexual behavior
17
Q
Neoplasm classification is based on…
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- appearance and growth
- type of body tissue from which they arise
18
Q
Characteristics of benign neoplasm vs malignant neoplasm
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- benign neoplasms grow by expansion (malignant grows by infiltration)
- benign neoplasms resemble tissues of origin (malignant neoplasms do not)
- benign neoplasms do not migrate or metastasize (Malignant neoplasms metastasize creating secondary locations)
- benign neoplasms generally do not return after surgical removal (malignant neoplasms can return)
- benign neoplasms do not cause extensive tissue damage or whole body changes (malignant neoplasms do).
- benign neoplasms are generally not fatal (malignant neoplasm’s are lethal unless treated)
19
Q
Most common cancers
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Lung, breast, & colon cancer
20
Q
Causes of benign neoplasms
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- trauma
- infections
- degenerative disorders
- inflammatory diseases
21
Q
Epithelial tissue
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Group of closely packed cells that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form secretory parts of glands
22
Q
Types of benign neoplasms that arise in epithelial tissue
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- adenoma
- papilloma
- Nevus
- polyp
23
Q
Adenoma
A
Glandular epithelium tumor
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Papilloma
Tumor of skin or mucous membranes (warts, polyps)
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Nevus
Circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin due to hyperplasia of blood vessels (e.g. angioma)
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Polyp
Growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane (e.g. of the nose, uterus, rectum, vocal chords)
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Consequences of benign neoplasm in different body areas
- passage ways--> blockages occur
| - enclosed areas--> May press on normal tissue--> tissue death--> potentially death in individual
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Connective tissue
Innervated vascular tissue that connect, support, protect, transport, and insulate
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Types of benign neoplasm that grow in connective tissue
- Osteoma
- Chondroma
- lipoma
- angioma
- hematoma
- fibroma
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Osteoma
Bone tumor
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Chondroma
Cartilage tumor
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Lipoma
Adipose tissue tumor
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Angioma
Blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor
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Hemangioma
Benign blood vascular tumor
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Hematoma
Tumor like swelling filled with blood
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Fibroma
Fibrous, encapsulated tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency (e.g. jaws, pelvis)
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Examples of connective tissue benign neoplasm
- mastoid osteoma
- soft fibroma
- lip fibroma
- Lipoblastoma
- Chondroma of auricle
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Mastoid osteoma
Grows from mastoid process producing external swelling
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Lipoblastoma
Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue. Occurs predominantly in children on extremities and neck
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Chondroma of Auricle
Painless, slowly growing, solid tumor that distorts shape of tissue; resembles a cauliflower ear
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Muscle tissue
Highly vascular tissue that allows movement of body parts and materials through tubes
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Types of benign neoplasm that grow in muscle tissue
- myoma
- rhabdomyoma
- leiomyoma
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Myoma
Benign muscle tumor
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Rhabdomyoma
Striated muscle tissue tumor; usually infants and young children; heart disorders
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Leiomyoma
Smooth muscle tissue tumor
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Nervous tissue
Form processes, recognize environmental changes, drives responses
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Type of benign neoplasm that grows in nervous tissue
Neuroma: tumor composed of nerve cells
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Malignant neoplasm (cancer)
Carcinoma or sarcoma
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Epithelioma (carcinoma)
Malignant growth/tumor arising from epithelium
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Types of epithelioma
- melanoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- basal cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma
- transitional cell carcinoma
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Melanoma
Pigmented mole or tumor; arise from pigment producing cells. least common but most serious form of skin cancer
52
Characteristics of melanoma
- Irregular outline
- more than one color
- grows over weeks and months anywhere on the body (not just places that get a lot of sun)
- if untreated can metastasize
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Tumor of epidermal squamous cells
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Basal cell carcinoma
Tumor of basal cells of the epidermis
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Adenocarcinoma
Arising from glandular organ
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Transitional cell carcinoma
Tumor of urinary bladder, urethra, or renal pelvis
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Things that increase the risk of transitional cell carcinoma
Smoking cigarettes, and inhaled carcinogens
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Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma
- hematuria
- frequent, urgent, painful urination
- urinary incontinence
- abdominal pain
- anemia
59
Sarcoma
Tumor arising from connective tissue
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Types of malignant neoplasm that arise from connective tissue
- osteosarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Angiosarcoma
- fibrosarcoma
- lymphoma
- leukemia
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Osteosarcoma
Bone tumor
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Chondrosarcoma
cartilage tumor
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Liposarcoma
Adipose tissue tumor
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Angiosarcoma
Tumor of vascular endothelial cells
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Fibrosarcoma
Tumor of fibrous tissue
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Lymphoma
Tumor of lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissue
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Leukemia
Tumor of blood forming structures/organs
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Types of malignant neoplasm that grow in muscle tissue
- Rhabdomyosarcoma: tumor striated muscle tissue
| - Leiomyosarcoma: tumor of smooth muscle tissue
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Type of malignant neoplasm that grows in nervous tissue
Glioma: tumor of neuroglial cells (nervous tissue)
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Epithelial tissue carcinoma metastasizes to...
lymphatic system
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Sarcomas via the blood metastasize to...
liver, lungs, & brain
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Sites for metastasis of breast cancer
Axillary, lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, brain
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Sites for metastasis of colorectal cancer
Liver, lung, peritoneum
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Sites for metastasis of lung cancer
liver, brain, & bone
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Sites for metastasis of ovarian cancer
Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs
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Sites for metastasis of prostate cancer
bone
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Sites for metastasis of testicular cancer
lungs, liver
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cysts
Abnormal closed saclike structures that contain liquid, gaseous, or semi solid substance.
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Etiology of cysts
- "wear & tear" or obstructions to flow of fluid
- infections
- tumors
- chronic inflammatory conditions
- genetic conditions
- defects during embryonic development
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Types of Cysts
- Breast: part of benign proliferative disease, fibrocystic breast disease
- Ovarian
- Baker Cyst: behind the knee
- Ganglion cysts: joints & tendons
- Chalazions: cysts of glands w/in eyelid
- Sebaceous cysts in the skin
81
Ovarian Cysts
Benign, fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary
82
Types of Ovarian Cysts
- Physiologic
| - Neoplastic
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Physiologic ovarian cyst
Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, may become very large (grapefruit size)
84
Neoplastic ovarian cyst
Abnormal type not related to function
85
Symptoms of ovarian cysts
- low back pain
- pelvic pain
- Dyspareunia: pain during sex
86
Sebaceous cyst
Sebaceous gland that produces sebum, becomes blocked and sebum collects under the skin.
- anywhere on body except soles & palms
- Most common on scalp, neck & groin area.
