Unit 7: Neoplasms & Cysts (oncology) Flashcards
Cellular alterations
Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse conditions
Factors that regulate growth of normal body cells
- Genetic program
- limited by contact with other cells
- growth-promoting and/or growth-inhibiting factors
Two types of cellular alterations
- Non-neoplastic changes
- neoplastic changes
Non-neoplastic changes
- Atrophy
- hypertrophy
- dysplasia
- metaplasia
Dysplasia
Usually follows hyperplasia, altered size, shape, and organization of cells
Metaplasia
Cell changes to another cell type
Neoplasm (tumor)
Development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth
Neoplasm etiology
-genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogens.
Exposure to carcinogens may increase or promote abnormality of the cell
Carcinogen
Cancer-causing agent or substance
Examples of carcinogens
- genetic predisposition
- microbial carcinogen
- radioactive factors
- Chemical carcinogen
- hormones
- animal carcinogen
- personal risk behaviors
Genetic predisposition (carcinogens)
Colon, breast, prostate cancer
Microbial carcinogens
Fungal toxins on grains, nuts and peanut butter and viruses like HPV and hepatitis B
Radioactive factors (carcinogens)
UV rays, x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays
Chemical carcinogens
Asbestos, nickle, arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride
Hormones (carcinogens)
Estrogen and/or progesterone, testosterone
Animal carcinogens
Acrylamide & residue on barbecued meats
Personal risk behaviors (carcinogens)
Smoking & tobacco, diet, alcohol use, sexual behavior
Neoplasm classification is based on…
- appearance and growth
- type of body tissue from which they arise
Characteristics of benign neoplasm vs malignant neoplasm
- benign neoplasms grow by expansion (malignant grows by infiltration)
- benign neoplasms resemble tissues of origin (malignant neoplasms do not)
- benign neoplasms do not migrate or metastasize (Malignant neoplasms metastasize creating secondary locations)
- benign neoplasms generally do not return after surgical removal (malignant neoplasms can return)
- benign neoplasms do not cause extensive tissue damage or whole body changes (malignant neoplasms do).
- benign neoplasms are generally not fatal (malignant neoplasm’s are lethal unless treated)
Most common cancers
Lung, breast, & colon cancer
Causes of benign neoplasms
- trauma
- infections
- degenerative disorders
- inflammatory diseases
Epithelial tissue
Group of closely packed cells that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form secretory parts of glands
Types of benign neoplasms that arise in epithelial tissue
- adenoma
- papilloma
- Nevus
- polyp
Adenoma
Glandular epithelium tumor
Papilloma
Tumor of skin or mucous membranes (warts, polyps)
Nevus
Circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin due to hyperplasia of blood vessels (e.g. angioma)
Polyp
Growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane (e.g. of the nose, uterus, rectum, vocal chords)
Consequences of benign neoplasm in different body areas
- passage ways–> blockages occur
- enclosed areas–> May press on normal tissue–> tissue death–> potentially death in individual
Connective tissue
Innervated vascular tissue that connect, support, protect, transport, and insulate
Types of benign neoplasm that grow in connective tissue
- Osteoma
- Chondroma
- lipoma
- angioma
- hematoma
- fibroma
Osteoma
Bone tumor
Chondroma
Cartilage tumor
Lipoma
Adipose tissue tumor
Angioma
Blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor
Hemangioma
Benign blood vascular tumor
Hematoma
Tumor like swelling filled with blood
Fibroma
Fibrous, encapsulated tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency (e.g. jaws, pelvis)
Examples of connective tissue benign neoplasm
- mastoid osteoma
- soft fibroma
- lip fibroma
- Lipoblastoma
- Chondroma of auricle
Mastoid osteoma
Grows from mastoid process producing external swelling
Lipoblastoma
Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue. Occurs predominantly in children on extremities and neck
Chondroma of Auricle
Painless, slowly growing, solid tumor that distorts shape of tissue; resembles a cauliflower ear
Muscle tissue
Highly vascular tissue that allows movement of body parts and materials through tubes
Types of benign neoplasm that grow in muscle tissue
- myoma
- rhabdomyoma
- leiomyoma
Myoma
Benign muscle tumor
Rhabdomyoma
Striated muscle tissue tumor; usually infants and young children; heart disorders
Leiomyoma
Smooth muscle tissue tumor
Nervous tissue
Form processes, recognize environmental changes, drives responses
Type of benign neoplasm that grows in nervous tissue
Neuroma: tumor composed of nerve cells
Malignant neoplasm (cancer)
Carcinoma or sarcoma
Epithelioma (carcinoma)
Malignant growth/tumor arising from epithelium
Types of epithelioma
- melanoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- basal cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma
- transitional cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Pigmented mole or tumor; arise from pigment producing cells. least common but most serious form of skin cancer
Characteristics of melanoma
- Irregular outline
- more than one color
- grows over weeks and months anywhere on the body (not just places that get a lot of sun)
- if untreated can metastasize
Squamous cell carcinoma
Tumor of epidermal squamous cells
Basal cell carcinoma
Tumor of basal cells of the epidermis
Adenocarcinoma
Arising from glandular organ
Transitional cell carcinoma
Tumor of urinary bladder, urethra, or renal pelvis
Things that increase the risk of transitional cell carcinoma
Smoking cigarettes, and inhaled carcinogens
Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma
- hematuria
- frequent, urgent, painful urination
- urinary incontinence
- abdominal pain
- anemia
Sarcoma
Tumor arising from connective tissue
Types of malignant neoplasm that arise from connective tissue
- osteosarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Angiosarcoma
- fibrosarcoma
- lymphoma
- leukemia
Osteosarcoma
Bone tumor
Chondrosarcoma
cartilage tumor
Liposarcoma
Adipose tissue tumor
Angiosarcoma
Tumor of vascular endothelial cells
Fibrosarcoma
Tumor of fibrous tissue
Lymphoma
Tumor of lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissue
Leukemia
Tumor of blood forming structures/organs
Types of malignant neoplasm that grow in muscle tissue
- Rhabdomyosarcoma: tumor striated muscle tissue
- Leiomyosarcoma: tumor of smooth muscle tissue
Type of malignant neoplasm that grows in nervous tissue
Glioma: tumor of neuroglial cells (nervous tissue)
Epithelial tissue carcinoma metastasizes to…
lymphatic system
Sarcomas via the blood metastasize to…
liver, lungs, & brain
Sites for metastasis of breast cancer
Axillary, lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, brain
Sites for metastasis of colorectal cancer
Liver, lung, peritoneum
Sites for metastasis of lung cancer
liver, brain, & bone
Sites for metastasis of ovarian cancer
Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs
Sites for metastasis of prostate cancer
bone
Sites for metastasis of testicular cancer
lungs, liver
cysts
Abnormal closed saclike structures that contain liquid, gaseous, or semi solid substance.
Etiology of cysts
- “wear & tear” or obstructions to flow of fluid
- infections
- tumors
- chronic inflammatory conditions
- genetic conditions
- defects during embryonic development
Types of Cysts
- Breast: part of benign proliferative disease, fibrocystic breast disease
- Ovarian
- Baker Cyst: behind the knee
- Ganglion cysts: joints & tendons
- Chalazions: cysts of glands w/in eyelid
- Sebaceous cysts in the skin
Ovarian Cysts
Benign, fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary
Types of Ovarian Cysts
- Physiologic
- Neoplastic
Physiologic ovarian cyst
Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, may become very large (grapefruit size)
Neoplastic ovarian cyst
Abnormal type not related to function
Symptoms of ovarian cysts
- low back pain
- pelvic pain
- Dyspareunia: pain during sex
Sebaceous cyst
Sebaceous gland that produces sebum, becomes blocked and sebum collects under the skin.
- anywhere on body except soles & palms
- Most common on scalp, neck & groin area.
