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Pathology > Unit 7: Neoplasms & Cysts (oncology) > Flashcards

Unit 7: Neoplasms & Cysts (oncology) Flashcards

0
Q

Cellular alterations

A

Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse conditions

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1
Q

Factors that regulate growth of normal body cells

A
  • Genetic program
  • limited by contact with other cells
  • growth-promoting and/or growth-inhibiting factors
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2
Q

Two types of cellular alterations

A
  • Non-neoplastic changes

- neoplastic changes

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3
Q

Non-neoplastic changes

A
  • Atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • dysplasia
  • metaplasia
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4
Q

Dysplasia

A

Usually follows hyperplasia, altered size, shape, and organization of cells

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

Cell changes to another cell type

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6
Q

Neoplasm (tumor)

A

Development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth

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7
Q

Neoplasm etiology

A

-genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogens.

Exposure to carcinogens may increase or promote abnormality of the cell

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8
Q

Carcinogen

A

Cancer-causing agent or substance

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9
Q

Examples of carcinogens

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • microbial carcinogen
  • radioactive factors
  • Chemical carcinogen
  • hormones
  • animal carcinogen
  • personal risk behaviors
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10
Q

Genetic predisposition (carcinogens)

A

Colon, breast, prostate cancer

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11
Q

Microbial carcinogens

A

Fungal toxins on grains, nuts and peanut butter and viruses like HPV and hepatitis B

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12
Q

Radioactive factors (carcinogens)

A

UV rays, x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays

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13
Q

Chemical carcinogens

A

Asbestos, nickle, arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride

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14
Q

Hormones (carcinogens)

A

Estrogen and/or progesterone, testosterone

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15
Q

Animal carcinogens

A

Acrylamide & residue on barbecued meats

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16
Q

Personal risk behaviors (carcinogens)

A

Smoking & tobacco, diet, alcohol use, sexual behavior

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17
Q

Neoplasm classification is based on…

A
  • appearance and growth

- type of body tissue from which they arise

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18
Q

Characteristics of benign neoplasm vs malignant neoplasm

A
  • benign neoplasms grow by expansion (malignant grows by infiltration)
  • benign neoplasms resemble tissues of origin (malignant neoplasms do not)
  • benign neoplasms do not migrate or metastasize (Malignant neoplasms metastasize creating secondary locations)
  • benign neoplasms generally do not return after surgical removal (malignant neoplasms can return)
  • benign neoplasms do not cause extensive tissue damage or whole body changes (malignant neoplasms do).
  • benign neoplasms are generally not fatal (malignant neoplasm’s are lethal unless treated)
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19
Q

Most common cancers

A

Lung, breast, & colon cancer

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20
Q

Causes of benign neoplasms

A
  • trauma
  • infections
  • degenerative disorders
  • inflammatory diseases
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21
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Group of closely packed cells that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form secretory parts of glands

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22
Q

Types of benign neoplasms that arise in epithelial tissue

A
  • adenoma
  • papilloma
  • Nevus
  • polyp
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23
Q

Adenoma

A

Glandular epithelium tumor

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24
Q

Papilloma

A

Tumor of skin or mucous membranes (warts, polyps)

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25
Q

Nevus

A

Circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin due to hyperplasia of blood vessels (e.g. angioma)

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26
Q

Polyp

A

Growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane (e.g. of the nose, uterus, rectum, vocal chords)

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27
Q

Consequences of benign neoplasm in different body areas

A
  • passage ways–> blockages occur

- enclosed areas–> May press on normal tissue–> tissue death–> potentially death in individual

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28
Q

Connective tissue

A

Innervated vascular tissue that connect, support, protect, transport, and insulate

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29
Q

Types of benign neoplasm that grow in connective tissue

A
  • Osteoma
  • Chondroma
  • lipoma
  • angioma
  • hematoma
  • fibroma
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30
Q

Osteoma

A

Bone tumor

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31
Q

Chondroma

A

Cartilage tumor

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32
Q

Lipoma

A

Adipose tissue tumor

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33
Q

Angioma

A

Blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor

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34
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign blood vascular tumor

35
Q

Hematoma

A

Tumor like swelling filled with blood

36
Q

Fibroma

A

Fibrous, encapsulated tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency (e.g. jaws, pelvis)

37
Q

Examples of connective tissue benign neoplasm

A
  • mastoid osteoma
  • soft fibroma
  • lip fibroma
  • Lipoblastoma
  • Chondroma of auricle
38
Q

Mastoid osteoma

A

Grows from mastoid process producing external swelling

39
Q

Lipoblastoma

A

Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue. Occurs predominantly in children on extremities and neck

40
Q

Chondroma of Auricle

A

Painless, slowly growing, solid tumor that distorts shape of tissue; resembles a cauliflower ear

41
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Highly vascular tissue that allows movement of body parts and materials through tubes

42
Q

Types of benign neoplasm that grow in muscle tissue

A
  • myoma
  • rhabdomyoma
  • leiomyoma
43
Q

Myoma

A

Benign muscle tumor

44
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Striated muscle tissue tumor; usually infants and young children; heart disorders

45
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Smooth muscle tissue tumor

46
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Form processes, recognize environmental changes, drives responses

47
Q

Type of benign neoplasm that grows in nervous tissue

A

Neuroma: tumor composed of nerve cells

48
Q

Malignant neoplasm (cancer)

A

Carcinoma or sarcoma

49
Q

Epithelioma (carcinoma)

A

Malignant growth/tumor arising from epithelium

50
Q

Types of epithelioma

A
  • melanoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • adenocarcinoma
  • transitional cell carcinoma
51
Q

Melanoma

A

Pigmented mole or tumor; arise from pigment producing cells. least common but most serious form of skin cancer

52
Q

Characteristics of melanoma

A
  • Irregular outline
  • more than one color
  • grows over weeks and months anywhere on the body (not just places that get a lot of sun)
  • if untreated can metastasize
53
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Tumor of epidermal squamous cells

54
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Tumor of basal cells of the epidermis

55
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Arising from glandular organ

56
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma

A

Tumor of urinary bladder, urethra, or renal pelvis

57
Q

Things that increase the risk of transitional cell carcinoma

A

Smoking cigarettes, and inhaled carcinogens

58
Q

Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

A
  • hematuria
  • frequent, urgent, painful urination
  • urinary incontinence
  • abdominal pain
  • anemia
59
Q

Sarcoma

A

Tumor arising from connective tissue

60
Q

Types of malignant neoplasm that arise from connective tissue

A
  • osteosarcoma
  • Chondrosarcoma
  • Liposarcoma
  • Angiosarcoma
  • fibrosarcoma
  • lymphoma
  • leukemia
61
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Bone tumor

62
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

cartilage tumor

63
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Adipose tissue tumor

64
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Tumor of vascular endothelial cells

65
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Tumor of fibrous tissue

66
Q

Lymphoma

A

Tumor of lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissue

67
Q

Leukemia

A

Tumor of blood forming structures/organs

68
Q

Types of malignant neoplasm that grow in muscle tissue

A
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma: tumor striated muscle tissue

- Leiomyosarcoma: tumor of smooth muscle tissue

69
Q

Type of malignant neoplasm that grows in nervous tissue

A

Glioma: tumor of neuroglial cells (nervous tissue)

70
Q

Epithelial tissue carcinoma metastasizes to…

A

lymphatic system

71
Q

Sarcomas via the blood metastasize to…

A

liver, lungs, & brain

72
Q

Sites for metastasis of breast cancer

A

Axillary, lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, brain

73
Q

Sites for metastasis of colorectal cancer

A

Liver, lung, peritoneum

74
Q

Sites for metastasis of lung cancer

A

liver, brain, & bone

75
Q

Sites for metastasis of ovarian cancer

A

Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs

76
Q

Sites for metastasis of prostate cancer

A

bone

77
Q

Sites for metastasis of testicular cancer

A

lungs, liver

78
Q

cysts

A

Abnormal closed saclike structures that contain liquid, gaseous, or semi solid substance.

79
Q

Etiology of cysts

A
  • “wear & tear” or obstructions to flow of fluid
  • infections
  • tumors
  • chronic inflammatory conditions
  • genetic conditions
  • defects during embryonic development
80
Q

Types of Cysts

A
  • Breast: part of benign proliferative disease, fibrocystic breast disease
  • Ovarian
  • Baker Cyst: behind the knee
  • Ganglion cysts: joints & tendons
  • Chalazions: cysts of glands w/in eyelid
  • Sebaceous cysts in the skin
81
Q

Ovarian Cysts

A

Benign, fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary

82
Q

Types of Ovarian Cysts

A
  • Physiologic

- Neoplastic

83
Q

Physiologic ovarian cyst

A

Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, may become very large (grapefruit size)

84
Q

Neoplastic ovarian cyst

A

Abnormal type not related to function

85
Q

Symptoms of ovarian cysts

A
  • low back pain
  • pelvic pain
  • Dyspareunia: pain during sex
86
Q

Sebaceous cyst

A

Sebaceous gland that produces sebum, becomes blocked and sebum collects under the skin.

  • anywhere on body except soles & palms
  • Most common on scalp, neck & groin area.

Pathology (17 decks)

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