Unit 15: Bones And Joints

Question 1

Function of joints

Answer 1

– Connect bones and allow movement

– Formed by two or more bones

Question 2

Osteomyelitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the bone; particularly bone marrow in the medullary cavity

Question 3

Etiology of osteomyelitis

Answer 3

– Number one cause is Staphylococcus (from a wound)
– Other skin or throat infection
– TB (Later stages)
– Late syphilis (ribs and sternum
– Injury and stress on bones (fracture

Question 4

Most common sites of osteomyelitis

Answer 4

Legs, hands, feet, pelvic bones

Question 5

Rickets/Rachitis

Answer 5

– Vitamin D deficiency
– Legs, feet, pelvic, ribs
– 6 to 8 months of age

Question 6

Symptoms of Rickets

Answer 6

– Swelling of ankles and wrists
– Bones are unable to bear weight
– Usually lasts 24 to 36 months (with calcium and vitamin D treatment)

Question 7

Osteomalacia

Answer 7

Softening or decalcification of bones in adults; similar to rickets in children

Question 8

Etiology of osteomalacia

Answer 8

Decreased mineralization due to lack of vitamin D

Question 9

Symptoms of osteomalacia

Answer 9

– Pain, weight loss, bending
– Weakness to bones in the legs, pelvis, spine
– Unable to bear weight, easy fractures
– Occurs in both males and females

Question 10

Osteoporosis

Answer 10

Less dense or more porous bones; more common in females (Caucasian and Asian)

Question 11

Predisposing factors of osteoporosis

Answer 11

– Family history

– Decrease in estrogen, calcium and exercise

Question 12

Symptoms of osteoporosis

Answer 12

Kyphosis, weight loss, “Dowager’s Hump”, easy fractures

Question 13

Achondroplasia

Answer 13

Abnormal development of epiphyseal cartilage

• rare genetic disorder=hereditary dwarfism
• short stature, disproportionately short arms and legs
• large head and characteristic facial features
• 80% of these dwarfs have parents of average height

Question 14

Marfan’s syndrome

Answer 14

Genetic condition that affects connective tissues,defect in production of structural proteins

Question 15

Marfan’s syndrome results in

Answer 15

– Long legs and fingers, hyperextensible joints

– Defects in the heart, blood vessels, nervous system, eyes, skin and lungs

Question 16

Spinal deformities

Answer 16

– Kyphosis
– Lordosis
– Scoliosis

Question 17

Etiology of spinal deformities

Answer 17

– Congenital defects
– Poor posture
– Bone diseases or growth disorders

Question 18

Symptoms of spinal deformities

Answer 18

Back pain and fatigue

Question 19

Kyphosis

Answer 19

Humped curvature of thoracic spine (humpback or hunchback), in postmenopausal osteoporotic women

Question 20

Lordosis

Answer 20

Exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine

• results in protruding abdomen and buttocks
• occurs with pregnancy or obesity

Question 21

Scoliosis

Answer 21

Lateral curvature of the spine, usually lower spine

• more in females
• May occur at any age

Question 22

Osteoma

Answer 22

Benign, rare

-New piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone, usually the skull, long bones of the arms and legs

Question 23

Symptoms of osteoma

Answer 23

Pain, mostly at night. Most common in children, males

Question 24

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)

Answer 24

Bone malignant neoplasm

• most common
• accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies
• more common in children and adolescents
• 50% arise from bones around the knee

Question 25

Chondrosarcoma

Answer 25

Cartilage base tumor - shoulder and knee - rare cancer metastasized to other parts of the body

Question 26

Ewings tumor

Answer 26

Small cell tumor - most commonly affects young patients - Origin is not known - usually in long bones of leg

Question 27

Giant cell tumor

Answer 27

Massive destruction of the end (epiphysis) of a long bone - knee, jaw bone - cause pain, restricts movement

Question 28

Paget's Disease

Answer 28

Osteitis deformans-overproduction of bone usually in the skull, vertebrae, or pelvis - Begins with bone softening followed by bone overgrowth - affects cranial nerves and vision and hearing

Question 29

Pathologic fracture

Answer 29

Results from disease that weakened the bone

Question 30

Osteoarthritis

Answer 30

Inflammation of joints | -wearing out of the joint

Question 31

Acute arthritis

Answer 31

- rapid onset, usually short-term - due to injury - joint is swollen, tender, painful - temporary loss of motion - no long-term effects

Question 32

Chronic arthritis

Answer 32

- longer-term - swollen joint, tender, painful - loss of motion due to repeated injuries - scar tissue in the joint (bone spurs), joint becomes immobile - Ankylosis may occur

Question 33

Ankylosis

Answer 33

a fixed joint

Question 34

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 34

– Most severe form - autoimmune disorder - affects joints and connective tissue - can occur at any age and any joint

Question 35

Rheumatoid arthritis results in

Answer 35

Chronic long-term calcification of one or more joints

Question 36

Bursitis

Answer 36

Inflammation of the bursae - most often affecting the shoulder joints - acute due to injury - very painful - usually not long term effect

Question 37

Postmortem Conditions

Answer 37

- Malformation (Anomaly) | - Bone Procurement-proper term used for organ and or bone transplantation (never use the term harvesting)

Question 38

Function of bones

Answer 38

– Provide framework to support the body – Produces blood cells – Store fat and minerals – Protect soft tissue and helps in body movement