Unit 10: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
0
Q
Parts of Digestive System
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
1
Q
Alimentary canal
A
Continuous tube running from mouth to the anus
2
Q
Accessory organs
A
- salivary glands
- peritoneum
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
3
Q
Mouth
A
Food broken down mechanically (teeth & tongue) and chemically (salivary glands)
4
Q
Pharynx
A
Connects mouth to esophagus
5
Q
Esophagus
A
Muscular contractions move food from pharynx to stomach (peristalsis)
6
Q
Stomach
A
Chemical digestion (pepsin, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor)
-pyloric sphincter
7
Q
Small intestine
A
Digestion and absorption
8
Q
Large intestine (colon)
A
Absorption of water and electrolytes, and elimination of wastes (feces)
9
Q
Parts of small intestine
A
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
10
Q
Duodenum
A
Receives bile & pancreatic juice which aid in chemical digestion
11
Q
Jejunum
A
absorption of nutrients
12
Q
Ileum
A
Absorption of nutrients; ileitis (inflammation)
13
Q
Parts of large intestine
A
- cecum
- appendix
- colon
- rectum and anus
14
Q
Salivary glands
A
Secrete saliva (mucous & enzymes)
15
Q
Peritoneum
A
Large serous membrane covering the abdominal organs and lining and the abdominal wall (protects & prevents friction)
16
Q
Liver
A
Produces and releases bile
17
Q
Pancreas
A
Produces pancreatic juice (enzymes & buffers)
18
Q
Stomatitis
A
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
19
Q
Types of stomatitis
A
- gingivitis (Vincent’s Angina)
- glossitis
- parotitis
- aphthous stomatitis (canker sores)
20
Q
Gingivitis
A
Inflammation of the gums
21
Q
Etiology of gingivitis
A
- mouth or upper respiratory infections (strep)
- improper dental hygiene, plaque, loose fitting dentures, tooth decay
22
Q
Gingivitis results in
A
Redness, swelling, tendency to bleed
23
Q
Vincent’s angina
A
Trench mouth
- painful bacterial infection (leptospira) & ulceration of gums
- swelling & sloughing off of dead tissue from mouth & throat–> bleeding–>foul breath
- usually in children or young adults
24
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue
25
Etiology of glossitis
- candida yeast--> thrush (sore) mouth & tongue
- herpes viruses, syphilis
- hot food or liquids ( most common)
- mechanical injury, such as biting the tongue
26
Glossitis results in
Tender, painful tongue covered with ulcers, edema
27
Parotitis (epidemic parotitis)
Inflammation of parotid glands (salivary glands) due to viral mumps, or bacterial infection
28
Aphthous stomatitis
Canker sores
| -tiny ulcers with red areola on mucosa of mouth
29
Etiology of aphthous stomatitis
(Unknown)
Mechanical: hard tooth brush, sharp foods (coffee, nuts)
-iron or vitamin deficiency ( folic acid, B12)
-stomach acid reflux
-viruses, bacteria, stress
30
Mouth neoplasms
- occur on lips, cheeks, gum, palate, or tongue
- related to exposure to sunlight, chewing tobacco, smoking pipes or cigars
- results in inflammation, ulceration, pain
31
Basal cell carcinoma of lips
Both can metastasize to the GI tract
32
Giant Cell Tumor (epulus)
On the bones of the jaw
33
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
34
Etiology of pharyngitis
- streptococcus or other bacteria (e.g. Diphtheria bacteria-difficulty breathing & swallowing)
- viruses
- food blockages in throat
- allergies, pollen, dust
35
Symptoms of pharyngitis
- cough, congestion
- catarrhal lesions (inflamed mucous membrane)
- crypts of pus (retropharyngeal Abcess) --> giving tonsils white appearance--> airway obstruction
36
Streptococcus-Scarlet Fever
Highly contagious infection; spread by sneezing, coughing
37
Symptoms of scarlet fever
- fever, lethargy, sore throat, bumpy rash on skin, flushed cheeks, "strawberry tongue"
- serious complications such as:
- rheumatic fever (heart disease) or
- Glomerulonephritis (kidney disease)
38
Esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus
39
Etiology of Esophagitis
Acid reflux, hot foods & liquids, chemical poisons, acids, alcohol, foreign bodies, food stuck in the throat, neoplasm, external pressure such as with a Hiatal Hernia
40
Esophagus Neoplasm
Squamous cell carcinoma-
| from mouth, throat or stomach cancer
41
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
42
Etiology of gastritis
- Hot and spicy foods, fatty foods, high-protein foods, garlic, alcohol irritant, chemical poisons
- infections: quite rare because of acid in the stomach
- Helicobacter pylori:bacteria that can survive (block acid production)
43
Ulcer
Circular area of necrosis on the stomach or intestinal lining (open sore or lesion of mucous membrane, inflamed)
44
Ulcers are triggered by
- excess acid production
- diet, such as greasy foods
- alcohol
- medications
- stress
- presence of Helicobacteria or virus
45
Stomach ulcers result in
Pain, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis before or between meals
46
Complications of stomach ulcers
Scar tissue, perforation, tearing of stomach lining
47
Two main types of ulcers
- Peptic ulcers in the stomach (single)
| - Duodenal ulcers in duodenum of the small intestine (small & multiple)
48
Pyloric valve stenosis
Narrowing of pyloric valve,
| in children, more in males (firstborn males)
49
Symptoms of pyloric valve stenosis
Mostly vomiting during the first four weeks of life, congenital
50
Stomach – neoplasm
Stomach cancer
51
Squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma
Can develop in any part of stomach
52
Risk factors of stomach cancer
- Hereditary
- dietary: smoked foods, red meats, salted fish, food additives
- alcohol, coal tars from cigarettes
53
Early symptoms of stomach cancer
Obvious; vomiting blood, weight loss
54
Stomach cancer can be treated by
Surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation
55
Enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestines
56
Etiology of enteritis
- salmonella (most common)
- shigella, Hepatitis A, E. coli, dystentery, last stages of TB, cholera
- spicy foods, alcohol, medication
57
Symptoms of enteritis
Diarrhea, dehydration
58
Salmonellosis
Bacterial infection by salmonella, invade lining of the small intestine
59
Acute symptoms of salmonellosis
Gastroenteritis
60
Gastroenteritis Is characterized by
Nausea, abdominal cramping, and bloody diarrhea with mucus
61
Symptoms of salmonellosis begin after____ hours after ingestion
6-72
62
Salmanellosis resolves in ______ days
5-7
63
treatment for salmonellosis
none is required unless patient becomes severely dehydrated or infection spreads from the intestines
64
fatality rate for most strains of Salmonella
>1%
65
Hernia
Portion of the abdominal organs push through the abdominal wall
66
Predisposing causes of hernias
- obesity, age, trauma
- congenital weakness in the wall
- poorly healed wound or surgical incisions
67
Types of hernia
- reducible: can be pushed back without surgery
| - irreducible: can't be pushed back without surgery because of scar tissue and adhesions
68
Hernia locations
- Umbilical hernia:congenital, most common
- inguinal hernia:
- males: scrotum
- females: vagina
- femoral hernia: inside of thigh
- Diaphragmatic hernia: upwards into the diaphragm
- hiatal hernia: herniation of the esophagus
69
Dangers of hernia
- rupture or perforation
- strangulation: blood vessels of wall of herniated intestines twist into knots-->gangrene can occur
- obstruction or blockage
70
Colon (Large Intestine)-Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
71
Etiology of colitis
- Ascending infections (parasites, worms)
- descending infections (shigella)
- nervous tension
72
Ulcerative colitis
Erosion of lining of colon, resulting in bleeding and perforation
73
Nervous tension
- tightens every muscle and nerve in the body
- restricts normal action, and free and rhythmic flow of substances
- is capable of disorganizing the entire digestive system as it inhibits both assimilation (digestion, absorption) & elimination (holds poisons in the body)
74
Crohn's disease
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract anywhere from esophagus to the anus (including parts of the small and large intestine)
75
Characteristics of Crohn's disease
- Autoimmune disease; may be hereditary
- affects full thickness of the wall
- can result in ulcers, scarring, blockage of intestine
- mostly young adults (20–35),often females
- triggered by stress and diet
76
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of little outpouches in the colon (diverticula); may include infection
77
Proctitis
Inflammation of the rectum
78
Etiology of proctitis
Ascending infections, retained feces, hemorrhoids, colon rectal cancer, irritating injections, mechanical injury to rectum
79
Effects of proctitis
Bleeding, exudates, abscess, rectal sinus, fistula
80
Hemorrhoids
Painful, swollen veins (varicose veins)
81
Etiology of hemorrhoids
Increased pressure in the veins due to constipation, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting
82
Symptoms of hemorrhoids
Bleeding, irritation
83
Shigellosis
Bacterial infection by shigella;
| in polluted water (human feces), transmitted via fecal oral route, very common in individuals with AIDS
84
Symptoms of Shigellosis
- mild abdominal discomfort to full-blown dysentery
| - begins 2–4 days after ingestion and last for several days to a few weeks
85
treatment of shigella
Severe dysentery treated with ampicillin
86
fatality rate by some strains of shigella
10-15%
87
Botulism
A rare but serious illness caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria
- produce tocsin: even tiny amounts lead to severe poisoning
- abdominal cramps, difficulty breathing
- NO fever with this infection
88
Botulism is found in
Soil and untreated water
89
Botulism may enter the body through
Wounds, or digestive system (form spores-can live in improperly canned or preserved food)
90
Rectal cancer
- malignant neoplasm
- occurs in males more than females
- metastasizes early
- causes bleeding
91
Degree of tumor invasion and spread and rectal cancer
from mucosa-->muscular wall-->lymph nodes
| -distant metastasis
92
Liver hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
93
Hepatitis is caused by
- viruses (Hep A, B, C)
- bacteria
- gallstones
- trauma
- injury
- chemicals
- alcohols
- medications
94
Symptoms of hepatitis
- hepatomegaly
- jaundice
- fatigue
- nausea
- vomiting
95
Jaundice
A yellow discoloration of skin & sclera (eye white) caused by excess of bilirubin in blood
96
Bilirubin
Yellow pigment produced from hemoglobin of old RBCs
97
Jaundice may be a postmortem condition associated with______
hepatitis
98
Jaundice is caused by..
- excessive bilirubin
- defective liver
- biliary obstruction
99
Viral Hepatitis
liver infection-->hepatic cell destruction-->necrosis-->autolysis-->
100
Major types of viral hepatitis
A, B, C
101
Hepatitis A
mild, spread by contaminated food or water; does NOT cause chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis
102
Hepatitis B
spread through blood transfusion, saliva, semen, shared needles; increased risk of cirrhosis or liver cancer
103
Hepatitis C
spread through blood transfusion, shared needles; causes chronic hepatitis
104
Liver Cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue & loss of function
-end stage of chronic liver disease
105
2 main types of liver cirrhosis
- Portal cirrhosis
| - Biliary or Focal Cirrhosis
106
Portal Cirrhosis
liver cell necrosis
- liver tissue dies over time-->scar tissue forms--> liver failure
- liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
- liver retains fats, creamy, yellow color
- due to alcoholism or other chemical poison
107
Biliary or Focal Cirrhosis
- usually due to damage to bile ducts in liver-->body jaundice
- liver turns green, smaller than normal
108
Complications of Cirrhosis
- ascites
| - Hepatocellular carcinoma
109
ascites
massive accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity
110
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhosis is a major cause
111
Liver tumors
Metastatic carcinoma-most common (from primary malignancy in colon, lung or breast)
112
Liver-Chromosomal Abnormalities
- PKU (phenylketonuria)
| - Familial hypercholesteroemia
113
PKU (phenylketonuria)
Liver enzyme for catabolism of phenylalanine is missing
- phenylalanine accumulates in blood and urine
- affects development of nervous system-->brain damage
114
gall bladder
sac under the liver that stores bile
| -bile is sent to bile ducts through the liver to the intestines for excretion
115
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gall bladder
116
cholecystitis is caused by
- galstones=choleliths (90%) retained bile surrounded by calcium
- gallbladder cancer, hepatitism infections (E.coli, strep), alcohol abuse
117
Cholelithiasis
presence of one or more calculi in the gallbladder
118
in developed countries, about ___% of adults and ___% of people >65yrs have gallstones
10, 20
119
gallstones tend to be_______
asymptomatic
120
serious complications of gallstones include
-cholecystitis or biliary tract obstruction
121
Cholangitis
inflammation of bile ducts of the liver
122
Cholangitis is caused by
infections from liver, gall bladder or gall stones, pushed into the duct
123
Symptoms of Cholangitis
jaundice, back pain, chest pain, clay colored feces.
124
Pancreas
produces:
- hormones, insulin & glucagon
- digestive enzymes -released into small intstines
125
pancreatitis
inflammation of panreas
caused by:
-diabetes, pancreatic cancer, infection, trauma, injury to the abdomen
126
Diabetes Mellitus
sugar diabetes
- can be hereditary or acquired
- decrease in insulin
127
Beta cells
in pancreas produce insulin-->insulin regulates sugar in blood--> passes sugar into cells-->Diabetes mellitus decreases insulin-->excess sugar in blood-->low energy, fatigue, vasoconstriction, dry gangrene, retina damage, risk of pneumonia-->excess blood to kidneys-->excess urination-->dehydration.
128
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum (inner membrane covering entire abdominal wall)
129
Peritonitis is caused by
- infection or trauma to abdomen
- rupture of an internal organ or vessel
- diabetes
130
Obstruction
results in inability to move intestinal contents through the bowel
131
causes of obstruction
- Stenosis
- Hernia
- Paraysis
- Bile duct
- Volvulus
- Intussusception
- Infections
- Adhesion
132
paralysis (obstruction)
decrease or absence of peristalsis (result of postoperative condition or peritonitis)
133
Bile duct
gall stones
134
Volvulus
twisted intestine
135
Intussusception
colon telescopes on itself
136
Adhesion
areas abnormally linked together; may result from previous surgery or inflammation
137
Postmortem conditions
- Ascites
- Dehydration
- Emaciation
- Rapid Decomposition
- Rapid Coagulation of Blood
- Jaundice
- Edema
- Hemorrhage
- Purge (evacuation of bowels)
- Distention (loss of muscle tone)
