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Pathology > Unit 10: Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Unit 10: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

0
Q

Parts of Digestive System

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Continuous tube running from mouth to the anus

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2
Q

Accessory organs

A
  • salivary glands
  • peritoneum
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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3
Q

Mouth

A

Food broken down mechanically (teeth & tongue) and chemically (salivary glands)

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4
Q

Pharynx

A

Connects mouth to esophagus

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5
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular contractions move food from pharynx to stomach (peristalsis)

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6
Q

Stomach

A 
Chemical digestion (pepsin, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor)
    -pyloric sphincter
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7
Q

Small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption

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8
Q

Large intestine (colon)

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes, and elimination of wastes (feces)

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9
Q

Parts of small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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10
Q

Duodenum

A

Receives bile & pancreatic juice which aid in chemical digestion

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11
Q

Jejunum

A

absorption of nutrients

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12
Q

Ileum

A

Absorption of nutrients; ileitis (inflammation)

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13
Q

Parts of large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • colon
  • rectum and anus
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14
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva (mucous & enzymes)

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

Large serous membrane covering the abdominal organs and lining and the abdominal wall (protects & prevents friction)

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16
Q

Liver

A

Produces and releases bile

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juice (enzymes & buffers)

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18
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

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19
Q

Types of stomatitis

A
  • gingivitis (Vincent’s Angina)
  • glossitis
  • parotitis
  • aphthous stomatitis (canker sores)
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20
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

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21
Q

Etiology of gingivitis

A
  • mouth or upper respiratory infections (strep)

- improper dental hygiene, plaque, loose fitting dentures, tooth decay

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22
Q

Gingivitis results in

A

Redness, swelling, tendency to bleed

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23
Q

Vincent’s angina

A

Trench mouth

  • painful bacterial infection (leptospira) & ulceration of gums
  • swelling & sloughing off of dead tissue from mouth & throat–> bleeding–>foul breath
  • usually in children or young adults
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24
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue

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25
Q

Etiology of glossitis

A
  • candida yeast–> thrush (sore) mouth & tongue
  • herpes viruses, syphilis
  • hot food or liquids ( most common)
  • mechanical injury, such as biting the tongue
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26
Q

Glossitis results in

A

Tender, painful tongue covered with ulcers, edema

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27
Q

Parotitis (epidemic parotitis)

A

Inflammation of parotid glands (salivary glands) due to viral mumps, or bacterial infection

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28
Q

Aphthous stomatitis

A

Canker sores

-tiny ulcers with red areola on mucosa of mouth

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29
Q

Etiology of aphthous stomatitis

A

(Unknown)
Mechanical: hard tooth brush, sharp foods (coffee, nuts)
-iron or vitamin deficiency ( folic acid, B12)
-stomach acid reflux
-viruses, bacteria, stress

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30
Q

Mouth neoplasms

A
  • occur on lips, cheeks, gum, palate, or tongue
  • related to exposure to sunlight, chewing tobacco, smoking pipes or cigars
  • results in inflammation, ulceration, pain
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31
Q

Basal cell carcinoma of lips

A

Both can metastasize to the GI tract

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32
Q

Giant Cell Tumor (epulus)

A

On the bones of the jaw

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33
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

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34
Q

Etiology of pharyngitis

A
  • streptococcus or other bacteria (e.g. Diphtheria bacteria-difficulty breathing & swallowing)
  • viruses
  • food blockages in throat
  • allergies, pollen, dust
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35
Q

Symptoms of pharyngitis

A
  • cough, congestion
  • catarrhal lesions (inflamed mucous membrane)
  • crypts of pus (retropharyngeal Abcess) –> giving tonsils white appearance–> airway obstruction
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36
Q

Streptococcus-Scarlet Fever

A

Highly contagious infection; spread by sneezing, coughing

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37
Q

Symptoms of scarlet fever

A
  • fever, lethargy, sore throat, bumpy rash on skin, flushed cheeks, “strawberry tongue”
  • serious complications such as:
    • rheumatic fever (heart disease) or
    • Glomerulonephritis (kidney disease)
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38
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus

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39
Q

Etiology of Esophagitis

A

Acid reflux, hot foods & liquids, chemical poisons, acids, alcohol, foreign bodies, food stuck in the throat, neoplasm, external pressure such as with a Hiatal Hernia

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40
Q

Esophagus Neoplasm

A

Squamous cell carcinoma-

from mouth, throat or stomach cancer

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41
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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42
Q

Etiology of gastritis

A
  • Hot and spicy foods, fatty foods, high-protein foods, garlic, alcohol irritant, chemical poisons
  • infections: quite rare because of acid in the stomach
  • Helicobacter pylori:bacteria that can survive (block acid production)
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43
Q

Ulcer

A

Circular area of necrosis on the stomach or intestinal lining (open sore or lesion of mucous membrane, inflamed)

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44
Q

Ulcers are triggered by

A
  • excess acid production
  • diet, such as greasy foods
  • alcohol
  • medications
  • stress
  • presence of Helicobacteria or virus
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45
Q

Stomach ulcers result in

A

Pain, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis before or between meals

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46
Q

Complications of stomach ulcers

A

Scar tissue, perforation, tearing of stomach lining

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47
Q

Two main types of ulcers

A
  • Peptic ulcers in the stomach (single)

- Duodenal ulcers in duodenum of the small intestine (small & multiple)

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48
Q

Pyloric valve stenosis

A

Narrowing of pyloric valve,

in children, more in males (firstborn males)

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49
Q

Symptoms of pyloric valve stenosis

A

Mostly vomiting during the first four weeks of life, congenital

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50
Q

Stomach – neoplasm

A

Stomach cancer

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51
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma

A

Can develop in any part of stomach

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52
Q

Risk factors of stomach cancer

A
  • Hereditary
  • dietary: smoked foods, red meats, salted fish, food additives
  • alcohol, coal tars from cigarettes
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53
Q

Early symptoms of stomach cancer

A

Obvious; vomiting blood, weight loss

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54
Q

Stomach cancer can be treated by

A

Surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation

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55
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestines

56
Q

Etiology of enteritis

A
  • salmonella (most common)
  • shigella, Hepatitis A, E. coli, dystentery, last stages of TB, cholera
  • spicy foods, alcohol, medication
57
Q

Symptoms of enteritis

A

Diarrhea, dehydration

58
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Bacterial infection by salmonella, invade lining of the small intestine

59
Q

Acute symptoms of salmonellosis

A

Gastroenteritis

60
Q

Gastroenteritis Is characterized by

A

Nausea, abdominal cramping, and bloody diarrhea with mucus

61
Q

Symptoms of salmonellosis begin after____ hours after ingestion

A

6-72

62
Q

Salmanellosis resolves in ______ days

A

5-7

63
Q

treatment for salmonellosis

A

none is required unless patient becomes severely dehydrated or infection spreads from the intestines

64
Q

fatality rate for most strains of Salmonella

A

> 1%

65
Q

Hernia

A

Portion of the abdominal organs push through the abdominal wall

66
Q

Predisposing causes of hernias

A
  • obesity, age, trauma
  • congenital weakness in the wall
  • poorly healed wound or surgical incisions
67
Q

Types of hernia

A
  • reducible: can be pushed back without surgery

- irreducible: can’t be pushed back without surgery because of scar tissue and adhesions

68
Q

Hernia locations

A
  • Umbilical hernia:congenital, most common
  • inguinal hernia:
    • males: scrotum
    • females: vagina
  • femoral hernia: inside of thigh
  • Diaphragmatic hernia: upwards into the diaphragm
  • hiatal hernia: herniation of the esophagus
69
Q

Dangers of hernia

A
  • rupture or perforation
  • strangulation: blood vessels of wall of herniated intestines twist into knots–>gangrene can occur
  • obstruction or blockage
70
Q

Colon (Large Intestine)-Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

71
Q

Etiology of colitis

A
  • Ascending infections (parasites, worms)
  • descending infections (shigella)
  • nervous tension
72
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Erosion of lining of colon, resulting in bleeding and perforation

73
Q

Nervous tension

A
  • tightens every muscle and nerve in the body
  • restricts normal action, and free and rhythmic flow of substances
  • is capable of disorganizing the entire digestive system as it inhibits both assimilation (digestion, absorption) & elimination (holds poisons in the body)
74
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract anywhere from esophagus to the anus (including parts of the small and large intestine)

75
Q

Characteristics of Crohn’s disease

A
  • Autoimmune disease; may be hereditary
  • affects full thickness of the wall
  • can result in ulcers, scarring, blockage of intestine
  • mostly young adults (20–35),often females
  • triggered by stress and diet
76
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of little outpouches in the colon (diverticula); may include infection

77
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of the rectum

78
Q

Etiology of proctitis

A

Ascending infections, retained feces, hemorrhoids, colon rectal cancer, irritating injections, mechanical injury to rectum

79
Q

Effects of proctitis

A

Bleeding, exudates, abscess, rectal sinus, fistula

80
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Painful, swollen veins (varicose veins)

81
Q

Etiology of hemorrhoids

A

Increased pressure in the veins due to constipation, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting

82
Q

Symptoms of hemorrhoids

A

Bleeding, irritation

83
Q

Shigellosis

A

Bacterial infection by shigella;

in polluted water (human feces), transmitted via fecal oral route, very common in individuals with AIDS

84
Q

Symptoms of Shigellosis

A
  • mild abdominal discomfort to full-blown dysentery

- begins 2–4 days after ingestion and last for several days to a few weeks

85
Q

treatment of shigella

A

Severe dysentery treated with ampicillin

86
Q

fatality rate by some strains of shigella

A

10-15%

87
Q

Botulism

A

A rare but serious illness caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria

  • produce tocsin: even tiny amounts lead to severe poisoning
  • abdominal cramps, difficulty breathing
  • NO fever with this infection
88
Q

Botulism is found in

A

Soil and untreated water

89
Q

Botulism may enter the body through

A

Wounds, or digestive system (form spores-can live in improperly canned or preserved food)

90
Q

Rectal cancer

A
  • malignant neoplasm
  • occurs in males more than females
  • metastasizes early
  • causes bleeding
91
Q

Degree of tumor invasion and spread and rectal cancer

A

from mucosa–>muscular wall–>lymph nodes

-distant metastasis

92
Q

Liver hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

93
Q

Hepatitis is caused by

A
  • viruses (Hep A, B, C)
  • bacteria
  • gallstones
  • trauma
  • injury
  • chemicals
  • alcohols
  • medications
94
Q

Symptoms of hepatitis

A
  • hepatomegaly
  • jaundice
  • fatigue
  • nausea
  • vomiting
95
Q

Jaundice

A

A yellow discoloration of skin & sclera (eye white) caused by excess of bilirubin in blood

96
Q

Bilirubin

A

Yellow pigment produced from hemoglobin of old RBCs

97
Q

Jaundice may be a postmortem condition associated with______

A

hepatitis

98
Q

Jaundice is caused by..

A
  • excessive bilirubin
  • defective liver
  • biliary obstruction
99
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

liver infection–>hepatic cell destruction–>necrosis–>autolysis–>

100
Q

Major types of viral hepatitis

A

A, B, C

101
Q

Hepatitis A

A

mild, spread by contaminated food or water; does NOT cause chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis

102
Q

Hepatitis B

A

spread through blood transfusion, saliva, semen, shared needles; increased risk of cirrhosis or liver cancer

103
Q

Hepatitis C

A

spread through blood transfusion, shared needles; causes chronic hepatitis

104
Q

Liver Cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue & loss of function
-end stage of chronic liver disease

105
Q

2 main types of liver cirrhosis

A
  • Portal cirrhosis

- Biliary or Focal Cirrhosis

106
Q

Portal Cirrhosis

A

liver cell necrosis

  • liver tissue dies over time–>scar tissue forms–> liver failure
  • liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
  • liver retains fats, creamy, yellow color
  • due to alcoholism or other chemical poison
107
Q

Biliary or Focal Cirrhosis

A
  • usually due to damage to bile ducts in liver–>body jaundice
  • liver turns green, smaller than normal
108
Q

Complications of Cirrhosis

A
  • ascites

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

109
Q

ascites

A

massive accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity

110
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhosis is a major cause

111
Q

Liver tumors

A

Metastatic carcinoma-most common (from primary malignancy in colon, lung or breast)

112
Q

Liver-Chromosomal Abnormalities

A
  • PKU (phenylketonuria)

- Familial hypercholesteroemia

113
Q

PKU (phenylketonuria)

A

Liver enzyme for catabolism of phenylalanine is missing

  • phenylalanine accumulates in blood and urine
  • affects development of nervous system–>brain damage
114
Q

gall bladder

A

sac under the liver that stores bile

-bile is sent to bile ducts through the liver to the intestines for excretion

115
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gall bladder

116
Q

cholecystitis is caused by

A
  • galstones=choleliths (90%) retained bile surrounded by calcium
  • gallbladder cancer, hepatitism infections (E.coli, strep), alcohol abuse
117
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

presence of one or more calculi in the gallbladder

118
Q

in developed countries, about ___% of adults and ___% of people >65yrs have gallstones

A

10, 20

119
Q

gallstones tend to be_______

A

asymptomatic

120
Q

serious complications of gallstones include

A

-cholecystitis or biliary tract obstruction

121
Q

Cholangitis

A

inflammation of bile ducts of the liver

122
Q

Cholangitis is caused by

A

infections from liver, gall bladder or gall stones, pushed into the duct

123
Q

Symptoms of Cholangitis

A

jaundice, back pain, chest pain, clay colored feces.

124
Q

Pancreas

A

produces:

  • hormones, insulin & glucagon
  • digestive enzymes -released into small intstines
125
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of panreas
caused by:
-diabetes, pancreatic cancer, infection, trauma, injury to the abdomen

126
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

sugar diabetes

  • can be hereditary or acquired
  • decrease in insulin
127
Q

Beta cells

A

in pancreas produce insulin–>insulin regulates sugar in blood–> passes sugar into cells–>Diabetes mellitus decreases insulin–>excess sugar in blood–>low energy, fatigue, vasoconstriction, dry gangrene, retina damage, risk of pneumonia–>excess blood to kidneys–>excess urination–>dehydration.

128
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum (inner membrane covering entire abdominal wall)

129
Q

Peritonitis is caused by

A
  • infection or trauma to abdomen
  • rupture of an internal organ or vessel
  • diabetes
130
Q

Obstruction

A

results in inability to move intestinal contents through the bowel

131
Q

causes of obstruction

A
  • Stenosis
  • Hernia
  • Paraysis
  • Bile duct
  • Volvulus
  • Intussusception
  • Infections
  • Adhesion
132
Q

paralysis (obstruction)

A

decrease or absence of peristalsis (result of postoperative condition or peritonitis)

133
Q

Bile duct

A

gall stones

134
Q

Volvulus

A

twisted intestine

135
Q

Intussusception

A

colon telescopes on itself

136
Q

Adhesion

A

areas abnormally linked together; may result from previous surgery or inflammation

137
Q

Postmortem conditions

A
  • Ascites
  • Dehydration
  • Emaciation
  • Rapid Decomposition
  • Rapid Coagulation of Blood
  • Jaundice
  • Edema
  • Hemorrhage
  • Purge (evacuation of bowels)
  • Distention (loss of muscle tone)

Pathology (17 decks)

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