Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

An outlook on life, or worldview, or “lens” through which a person looks at world

A

ideology

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2
Q

Greek philosopher whose ideas heavily influenced traditional European ideas about the universe

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Polish scientist who was the first to challenge traditional ideas about the universe; theorized a heliocentric universe

A

Copernicus

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4
Q

astronomical theory that says the sun is the center of the solar system

A

heliocentric

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5
Q

astronomical theory that says the Earth is the center of the universe

A

geocentric

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6
Q

book that outlined the Copernican hypothesis

A

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

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7
Q

Danish; built most sophisticated observatory of his time; gathered massive amounts of astronomical data

A

Tyco Brahe

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8
Q

postulated three laws of planetary motion, all of which proved the Copernican hypothesis

A

Johannes Kepler

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9
Q

perfected the experimental method; suggested the law of inertia; used the telescope to further prove the Copernican hypothesis

A

Galileo Galilei

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10
Q

explained the law of universal gravitation; synthesized ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo; explained WHY bodies did as they did

A

Isaac Newton

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11
Q

Issac Newton’s masterpiece

A

Principia

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12
Q

philosophical movement that sought to use the methods of the Scientific Revolution to explain the social world

A

Enlightenment

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13
Q

Enlightened political theorist; said humans are born with a blank slate of a mind upon which experience acts

A

John Locke

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14
Q

most famous work by John Locke; emphasized importance of education and society in determining mental development

A

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

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15
Q

French intellectuals that spread enlightened ideas

A

philosophes

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16
Q

Frenchman who wrote The Spirit of the Laws in which he argued for separation of powers in government

A

Baron de Montesquieu

17
Q

Baron de Montesquieu’s veiled critique of European practices

A

Persian Letters

18
Q

most famous philosophe of the Enlightenment

A

Voltaire

19
Q

edited work that sought to outline all known human knowledge through rational, scientifically researched articles

A

Encyclopedia

20
Q

argued that the general will and popular sovereignty were important concepts in government

A

Rousseau

21
Q

idea that political power is derived from the the people; the people give power to their rulers

A

popular sovereignty

22
Q

most famous work of Rousseau

A

The Social Contract

23
Q

artistic style of pastel colors, ornate interiors, and love themes; popularized by females during Enlightenment

A

rococo

24
Q

enlightened Prussian monarch

A

Frederick the Great

25
Q

enlightened Russian monarch

A

Catherine the Great

26
Q

Austrian monarch who gained throne through Pragmatic Sanction

A

Maria Theresa

27
Q

most enlightened Austrian monarch; freed serfs

A

Joseph II