Unit 5 States Of Conciousness Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Dependence and Addition
A
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
2
Q
Physical dependence
A
-Physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
3
Q
Psychological Dependence
A
-Psychological need to use drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
4
Q
Why does withdrawal happen?
A
- Chemicals may stop being created in the body
- The body then thinks you don’t need it to make chemicals anymore because you are providing them yourself
5
Q
Alcohol (Effects)
A
- Disinhibition: Don’t think of longer-term consequences (frontal lobe ins’t working)
- Risky behavior
- Slower neural processing
- Memory disruption: formation of LTM during REM stage
- Korsakoff’s syndrome can happen with addiction
- Reduced self-awareness and self-control
- Increase or decrease negative emotions
- Expectancy effects (placebo)
- Know what will happen with alcohol–> can cause effects
6
Q
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
A
- Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
- Can’t remember things before or after drinking
- Confabulation
- Remembering things that didn’t happen
7
Q
Rat Study with alcohol
A
- Adolescent rats engaged in Binge-drinking
- What happened:
- Impairment of nerve Genesis; synaptic connections
- Difficult to regrow neurons after they die
- Contributes to nerve cell death
- Shrinks brain
- Impairment of nerve Genesis; synaptic connections
8
Q
Alcohol and Gender (Male vs. Female)
A
- Women have less of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol
- Brain shrinkage is more likely to occur
- Addiction happens quicker
- Risk for lung, brain, and liver damage at lower consumption
9
Q
Caffeine
A
- World’s most widely consumed psychoactive substance
- Can produce both tolerance and withdrawal
- Increases anxiety levels in some people
- Some can’t handle it (too jittery)
10
Q
Effects of Cocaine
A
- Can increase aggression
- Emotional disturbance
- Suspiciousness of others
- Convulsions (seizures)
- Cardiac Arrest (OD)
- Respiratory failure
11
Q
Health Risk of Ecstasy
A
- Short-term:
- Dehydration-» over-heating, increases blood pressure, death
- Long-term:
- Damage to serotonin-producing neurons (decreased output, permanently depressed mood)
- Suppresses immune system
- Impairs memory
- Disrupts circadian rhythms
12
Q
Effects of Marijuana
A
- Intensifies anxiety, depression
- Positive correlation between use and risk of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia
- Daily use—> worst outcome
- Impairs motor coordination, perceptual skills, reaction time
- Disrupts memory formation &recall
- Heavy adult use for 20+ years associated with shrinkage of brain areas involved in memory/ emotion processing
- Smoke linked with cancer
13
Q
States of Consciousness
A
-Daydreaming
-Dreaming
-Hallucinations
-Sensory deprivation
-Hypnosis
-Meditation
(Involve different levels of consciousness)
14
Q
Sleep studies
A
- Able to record brain waves patterns using EEG
- Determined that brain omits different waves for different activities
15
Q
Owls vs Larks
A
- 20 years old–> shift rom being “evening-energized owls” to being “morning -loving larks”
- Owls performance improves as day goes on, opposite for larks
16
Q
Typical sleep cycles
A
- cycle every 90 minutes
- 4 to 5 cycles a night
17
Q
Neural Activity & Sleep stages
A
- Characterizes our different sleep stages
- Alpha and delta waves
18
Q
Awake Stage
A
- Alpha waves
- Relaxed and reflecting stage
19
Q
Stage 1
A
- Slowed breathing
- Irregular brain waves
- Hallucinations
- Hypnagogic sensations (ex:feel like you are falling off a cliff)
- Brief
20
Q
Stage 2
A
- 20 minutes
- Marked by sleep spindles
- Bursts of brain activity
- Chills then brain activity, back to chilling
- Bursts of brain activity
21
Q
Stage 3
A
- Deep sleep
- Delta waves (deep dreamless sleep)
- 30 minutes
- Associated with many sleep problems
22
Q
Effects of Sleep Loss
A
- Difficulty studying
- Decreases ability to focus
- Diminished productivity
- Less productive in days after an overnighter
- Tendency to make mistakes
- issue in professions like doctors, pilots, truck drivers
- Irritability
- Snappy, easy to anger
- Fatigue
- Teenager circadian rhythms don’t match with school start times
23
Q
Stage 4 issues
A
- Sleepwalking/ talking
- Night terror (scream in sleep)
- Often fade post-childhood
24
Q
Sleep paralysis
A
- Upon going to sleep/ waking up
- REM Atonia
- Motor neuron inhibition
- Amygdala activation
- Threat response system
- Makes the experience scary
- Conscious but cannot move
25
Lucid Dreaming
- Aware of dream state
| - Activation of prefrontal cortex--> recognition of dream state
26
Why do we sleep?
- Protection
- Recuperation
- Memory Formation
- Creativity
- Growth
27
Protection
- Evolutionary
- Darkness= dangerous
- If we cannot see, there isn't a reason to be awake
28
Recuperation
- Restores and repairs brain tissue
| - Repairs worn out brain tissue from previous day
29
Memory Formation
- Restores and rebuilds memories from the day
| - Difficulty remembering things w/out sleep (hippocampus and LTM)
30
Creativity
-Insight post-sleep
-Able to solve problems we couldn't before
(Remembering a name, figure out solution)
31
Growth
- Pituitary gland releases growth hormone--> growth
| * Grow at night--> growing pains in the morning
32
Cocktail party effect
- Attentive to convo you are in, tune everything else out OR
- You hear your name and turn around *not sure to listen to the convo you are in or listen to other one*
- Works due to dual-processing and reticular formation (sends stuff to consciousness)
