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AP Psychology (Class) > Development Unit IX (9) > Flashcards

Development Unit IX (9) Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Major Issues of Developmental Psych

A
  • Nature vs. Nurture
  • Continuity vs. Stages
  • Stability vs. Change
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2
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Nature: Genes impact
Nurture: Experiences, experimental and developmental AFTER birth
-How do the two interact?
-At every prenatal stage, both genes and environment play a role
-Teratogens

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3
Q

Continuity vs. Stages

A
  • Continuity: Change and development is a gradual, continual process
  • Stages: We progress through specific moments (sequence of separate stages)
    • Ex: Puberty= stage
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4
Q

Stability vs. Change

A
  • Stability: Do our early traits persist throughout life in same person?
  • Change: Do we become different people as we age?
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5
Q

Prenatal Development

A
  • conception –> birth
  • Zygote: Fertilized egg
    • Fewer than 1/2 survive beyond 1st 2 weeks
    • Go through Fallopian tubes and attaches to uterine wall
  • Zygote–> Embryo–> Fetus
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6
Q

Milestones

A
  • 1st 2 weeks: cell differentiation begins
  • 9 weeks: embryo looks human (now a fetus)
  • 6 months:
    - Organs develop enough to give a preemie change at survival
    - Fetus responds to sound
    - Newborns prefer the sound of mom’s voice (familiar)
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7
Q

Newborn Reflexes

A
  • Reflex: automatic things they do from birth (nature)
  • Rooting Reflex
  • Startle (Moro) Reflex
  • Grasping Reflex
  • Stepping Reflex
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8
Q

Rooting Reflex

A
  • Touch baby’s cheek and it will turn in that direction and make a sucking motion
  • Thinks it is feeding time
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9
Q

Startle (Moro) Reflex

A

-Moves limbs out and then in when they feel like they are falling

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10
Q

Grasping Reflex

A
  • Reflexive action to close their hand around things in their hand
    • Theory: trying to get people to pay attention to them
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11
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

-Exaggerated stepping motion in the air

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12
Q

Imitation

A
  • Babies imitate/mimic basic facial expressions

- Ex: stick tongue out at baby–> baby will stick tongue out

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13
Q

Infant Experiments

A
  • What can babies sense, perceive, recognize?
  • Infant Perception Lab:
    • Look at objects more in the video when they have on Velcro gloves
    • Babies usually look at faces
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14
Q

Novelty Preference

A
  • Habituated someone to one stimulus
    • Present over and over till bored of it
  • Present a new stimuli… Which response is more novel?
    • New stimuli: slightly different or present two new and let person choose which is more interesting
    • Novel: What is more interesting or what stimuli can babies discriminate
  • Ex: babies can discriminate between lemur faces
  • Like: faces, things that look like eyes, things 8-10” away, speech (especially mom’s), prefer smell of mom
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15
Q

Physical Development of Brain

A

-We grow new neural connections as adult, not new neurons (have a lifetime supply from birth)
-Newborns:
1 month: neural networks are forming rapidly
9 months to 2years: most rapid growth in frontal lobes (3-6 years)
-FL Gives ability to control impulses starting around this age
2 years to adult:
-Neural pruning process post-puberty
-Association areas start to form

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16
Q

Sense of Self and Scale Error

A
  • Examples of silly mistakes children make
  • Sense of self: aware that our body is part of ourself
  • Scale Error: Unaware of the size of ourself compared to other things
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17
Q

Ex of Assimilate vs Accomodate

A
  • Child knows what a horse is, sees a zebra, and thinks it is a horse (assimilation)
  • Adult tells child that it is a zebra, and creates a new Schema (accomodation)
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18
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
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19
Q

Social Development

A

-Looks at relationships and how they are formed

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20
Q

Contact Comfort

A
  • Most important cause of attachment
  • Causes growth
  • Attachment figures give a sense of security and courage to explore the environment
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21
Q

Familiarity

A
  • Who provides contact comfort the most often

- Imprinting

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22
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • Parent is there for them dependably
  • Child trusts caregiver
    • Uses parent as secure home base to explore environment
  • Outward signs: Shows distress when caregiver leaves room, when caregiver comes back the child is easily soothed
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23
Q

Insecure Attachment

A
  • Parent is there for them sometimes (not dependable)
  • Outward signs: Very upset when parent leaves, difficult to calm down, or baby doesn’t care whether parent leaves or not, or avoids parent (holds a grudge)
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24
Q

Parenting Styles

A
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive
  • Authoritative
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25
Q

Authoritarian

A
  • Set rules and expect obedience (“because I said so”)
  • Exceptions for child behavior
  • Hierarchy (parents–> children)
  • Children can become overly dependent
    • Cannot make decisions for themselves
26
Q

Permissive

A
  • Permit everything (Little to no rules)
  • Children make decisions
  • No consequences for actions
  • Children become impulsive
27
Q

Authoritative

A
  • Have rules and expectations, but are open to compromise
    • Listen to child’s views and explain their own
  • Parents make ultimate decision
  • Best because: children become self-reliant, have good self esteem, and social competence (Determined by Diane Baumrind)
28
Q

Early Onset: Boys and Girls

A
  • Triggers growth and strength, which is correlated with popularity, self-assurance, and independence (Guys)
  • Stressful for girls especially if first in their class to mature
    • Drugs, alcohol, sex early (risky behavior)
29
Q

Neural Development in Adolesence

A
  • Frontal lobes still developing
  • Myelin growth
    • Leads to improved judgement, impulse control, and planning
  • Limbic system developing (emotions)
  • Hormonal changes
    • Impulsivity, risky behavior, emotional storms against frontal lobes
30
Q

What developmental stage are adolescents in?

A

-Piaget’s Formal Operational–> con contemplate big ideas

31
Q

Preconventional

A
  • Right and wrong are based off of rewards and punishments
  • Self-centered (how does this affect me?)
  • Kids
32
Q

Conventional

A
  • Norms of society right and wrong based on laws and rules

- How do this affect a group of people?

33
Q

PostConventional

A
  • Based on self-defined ethical principles
    • Ex: Justice, sanctity of life etc
  • Thinking through principles and applying them
34
Q

Criticisms of Kohlberg

A
  • Individualistic vs Collectivist
    • I: prize individual voice, find own path, judged as post-conventional
    • C: Group harmony, care and concern for others, judged as conventional
35
Q

Social Intuitionist Theory

A
  • Haidt
  • Moral feeling precedes moral reasoning
    • Reasons come after the fact
  • Said when looking at morality, feelings are first and reasoning is second (why something is moral or immoral)
36
Q

Stages of Social Development

A
  • Infancy
  • Toddlerhood
  • Preschool
  • Elementary school
  • Adolescence
  • Young adulthood
  • Middle adulthood
  • Late adulthood
37
Q

Infancy

A
  • Birth to 1 year
  • Trust vs. Mistrust
    • If need are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
38
Q

Toddlerhood

A
  • 1 to 3 years
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
    • Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they will doubt their abilities
39
Q

Preschool

A
  • 3 to 6 years
  • Initiative vs. Guilt
    • Learn to inmate tasks and Cary out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
40
Q

Elementary School

A
  • 6 to puberty
  • Competence vs Inferiority
    • Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
41
Q

Adolescence (Social Stage)

A
  • Teen years into 20
  • Indentity vs Role Confusion
    • Work at refining a self of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they will become confused about who they are
42
Q

Young Adulthood

A

20s to 40s

  • Intimacy vs Isolation
    • Struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
43
Q

Middle Adulthood

A
  • 40s to 60s
  • Generativity vs Stagnation
    • People discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
44
Q

Late Adulthood

A
  • 60s and Up
  • Integrity vs Despair
    • Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
45
Q

Adulthood

A
  • Less predictable than adolescence
    • Function of decisions, circumstances, luck
    • Very few age-related milestones
      • Common moments: love, parenting, and career
46
Q

Love

A
  • Marriage happens to 90% of Americans (20s to 40s)
  • We widow down our friendships
  • Married or single is equal happiness
  • Intimacy vs Isolation (find a relationship or don’t)
47
Q

Parenting

A
  • Take care of children
  • 40s to 60s= Generativity vs stagnation
  • How do we generate meaning in our lives, have I done meaningful things?
    • If no meaning, decide to do new things
    • Find meaning in career and kids
48
Q

Gender and Aggression

A
  • Men admit to more physical aggression (More men in jail)
  • Women engage in slightly more relational aggression
    • Malicious gossip
49
Q

Gender and Social Power

A
  • Men place more importance on power and achievements, are socially dominant
  • Leadership tends to go to males
    • Traditionally male occupations earn more
    • 80% of the world’s governing seats are held by men
      • Women perceived as power hungry face voter backlash
50
Q

Men vs Women

A
  • Men: directive, share options, talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches, stare
  • Women: democratic, offer support, apologize more, smile more
51
Q

Gender and Social Connectedness

A
  • Women are more interdependent
    • Girls play in smaller groups or 1-on-1 (more relational)
    • Boys play larger group games
  • Women talk face-to-face, men side-by-side (also do activities this way)
    • Converse about relationships vs problems
  • Women focus on people, men on things
    • careers that are oriented towards these things
52
Q

Gender Differences

A
  • Peak in late adolescence and early adulthood

- Show reemergence after birth of 1st child

53
Q

Adulthood-Physical abilities

A
  • Peak in mid-twenties
    • Rarely notice unless we are in a physically demanding sport/occupation
    • Women peak earlier
54
Q

Middle Adulthood– Physical changes

A
  • Physical decline accelerates
    • However, fitness is more of a factor than age for most people
  • Menopause: around age 50
    • hormonal shift- hot flashes
    • No longer Menstruate
55
Q

Later Life: Life expectancy

A
  • Developing world: age 80 (Increased life expectancy)
    • Social security: changes over time because people live longer
  • 2050: 35% of European population will be over 60
  • Elderly: fastest growing segment of the population
56
Q

Sensory Decline –Adulthood

A
  • Visual acuity, distance perception, adaptation to changing light levels
    • Pupil shrinks, lens becomes less transparent
      • 65 year old’s retina receives 1/3 as much light as a 20 year old
  • Sense of hearing, smell
    • High pitched noises are difficult to hear
57
Q

Adulthood Health

A
  • Immune system weakens
    • Susceptible to life-threatening ailments
      • Not to short-term ailments (built up immunity over lifetime)
        • 1/2 as likely as 20 yr olds to have the flu
58
Q

Brain- Adulthood

A
  • Slower neural processing
  • Memory regions start to atrophy (decline)
    • Brain cells start to die in young adulthood
    • 5% of brain weight reduction by 80
  • Frontal lobe atrophy (why old people say inappropriate things–> judgement)
  • Physical fitness/exercise can slow this decline
59
Q

Recall vs Recognition— Adulthood

A
  • Recall declines (retrieving information)
  • Recognition does not (viewing things and remembering them)
  • Prospective memory (remember to..) declines, retrieval cues help
    • Time-based memory suffers
    • Habitual tasks are challenging
60
Q

Life expectancy: Males vs Females

A
  • Males: more prone to dying
  • Male: female
    • 126:100 embryos
    • 105:100 at birth
    • 1st year of life: male death rate exceeds females by 1/4
  • Women outlive men by 4 years worldwide, 5-6 years in USA

AP Psychology (Class) (21 decks)

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