Unit 1 and Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Introspection
A
- means “looking inward”
- Teaches people to report elements of experiences (usually sensory)
- Immediate sensations, feelings, images - Unreliable because results vary from person to person, experience to experience, and it required smart, verbal people
2
Q
Freudian Psychology
A
- Created by Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)
- Emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
3
Q
Socrates & Plato
A
- Mind is separable from the body (continues on after body dies)
- Knowledge is innate (born within us)
4
Q
Aristotle
A
- Loved data and derived principles from logic
- Disagreed w/ Socrates and Plato: said knowledge isn’t preexisting and it grows from experience stored in our memories
5
Q
René Descartes
A
- Agreed with Plato & Socrates that knowledge is innate and the soul exists separately from the body
- Wondered how the immaterial mind and material body communicate
- Scientist and philosopher
- Said the fluid in the brain’s cavities contained “animal spirits”
- Flowed from brain through what we now call nerves to muscles, provoking movement
- Also flowed through open pores in the brain (how memories form)
6
Q
Francis Bacon
A
- Formed modern empiricism
- One of the founders of modern science (Influence lingers today)
- Fascinated with the human mind and its failings
- Stated that our beliefs are based off of when we see the belief fulfilled, but neglect its failures
7
Q
John Locke
A
- British political philosopher
- Wrote a 1 page paper which led to “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (hundreds of pages)
- Mind at birth= tabula rasa (blank slate) on which experience writes
- Helped form modern empiricism
8
Q
Early Schools of Psychology
A
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Behaviorism
9
Q
Edward Bradford Titchener
A
- Student of Wundt
- Introduced Structuralism at Cornell University
- Aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind
- Done w/ introspection
10
Q
Why do we use the Scientific method?
A
- To avoid bias
- To understand more
- Constant method: makes things easier to replicate & compare
- gives you the ability to collect data
- Allows for building upon experiments
11
Q
Types of Research Methods
A
- Case Study
- Correlational method
- Naturalistic observation
- Survey
- Experimentation
12
Q
Phineas Gage
A
- Ex of a case study
- Spike shot through his skull but didn’t die (could still function)
- Before, he was a calm, agreeable person
- Afterwards: quick to anger, alcoholic, major personality changes
- 1st time psychologists realized brain controlled behavior (not sure that this point)
13
Q
Overconfidence
A
- Being overly sure of an answer
- Humans tend to be more confident than correct
- Leads us to overestimate our intuition
14
Q
Perceiving Order of Random Events
A
- Humans are prone to perceive patterns because of our eagerness to make sense of the world
- Everything is equally likely or unlikely to happen
- Leads us to overestimate our intuition
15
Q
Curiousity
A
- A passion to explore and understand w/o misleading or being misled
- Psychologists use curious skepticism to approach the world of behavior
- Make modern science possible
16
Q
Skepticism
A
- Doubt as to the truth of something
- Psychologists use curious skepticism to approach the world of behavior
- Make modern science possible
17
Q
Humility
A
- An awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives
- Makes modern science possible
18
Q
Descriptive Methods
A
-Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic oberservations
19
Q
Ethics of Experimentation
A
- Created by the APA:
- Confidentiality: Don’t release your name of info
- Debriefing
- Informed consent
- Limit Risk
- Treat animals humanely
20
Q
Histogram
A
-A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
21
Q
Collectivist Culture
A
-Emphasize group goals
22
Q
Individualist Culture
A
-Put priority on individual goals
