Modules 11, 12, and 13 (Unit 3)

Question 1

Ways to Study the Brain

Answer 1

1. Case Study
2. Animal Studies
3. Record Electrical Activity (EEG)
4. Neuroimaging

Question 2

Animal Studies

Answer 2

• Removal of different brain parts or lesion/ destroying to see what happens
• Stimulate different parts while animal is alive

Question 3

Types of neuroimaging

Answer 3

• PET
• fMRI
• MRI

Question 4

Evolution of the Brain

Answer 4

• Evolution across time, not a lifetime
• Most complex organ in the body
• The older the brain is our history, the more simple it is
• The newer it is in history, the more complex
  
  • Layers of complexity added over time

Question 5

Parts of the Brainstem

Answer 5

• Medulla

- Pons

Question 6

Pons

Answer 6

• Coordinates basic movement
• Sleep paralysis & Circadian rhythms (REM stage)
  
  • Blocks messages from going to the brain or down the spinal chord
  • So we don’t hurt ourselves when we sleep

Question 7

Limbic System parts

Answer 7

• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Hypothalamus

Question 8

Hippocampus

Answer 8

• Stores long-term memory (LTM)
• Pushes information into LTM
• Active during REM stage
  
  • Reason why a good nights sleep is important

Question 9

Cortical Lobes

Answer 9

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

Question 10

Cerebrum vs. Cortex

Answer 10

• Cortex= thin covering of the cerebrum, does thinking
• 2 Hemispheres
• 4 lobes on each hemisphere
• Cerebrum= 85% of brain weight
• 300 trillion synaptic connections

Question 11

Structure of Cerebral cortex

Answer 11

• Wrinkled (gyruses and Sulcuses)
  
  • Creates increased surface area
• Geographically separated by lobes

Question 12

Where are association areas?

Answer 12

• Everywhere!

- Surrounding primary input locations

Question 13

Frontal Association Area

Answer 13

• Judgement
• Planning
• Personality
• Processing new memories

Question 14

Parietal Association Areas

Answer 14

• Mathematics

- Spacial reasoning

Question 15

Temporal Association Areas

Answer 15

-Facial recognition

Question 16

Occipital Association Area

Answer 16

• Complex visual processing

- Color & object recognition

Question 17

Visual Perception Track

Answer 17

• Enables us “to think about the world”

- Recognize and plan our future actions

Question 18

Visual Action Track

Answer 18

-Guides our moment-to-moment movements

Question 19

Left Hemisphere

Answer 19

• Determines cause and effect
• Reasoning, interpreting , calculating
• Speaking (processing speech too)
• Interprets language quickly and literally

Question 20

Right Hemisphere

Answer 20

• Recognition of faces
• Perceptual tasks
• Making inferences
• Modulating speech(to make meaning clear)
• Orchestrate our sense of self

Question 21

Left Hemisphere vs. Right Hemisphere

Answer 21

• NO ONE IS LEFT OR RIGHT BRAINED

- Info about left and right hemispheres comes from split brain surgeries

Question 22

Language areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Answer 22

• Broca’s area
  
  • Frontal lobe
  • Speech production
  • Very detailed mouth-motor movements
• Wernicke’s Area
  
  • Temporal lobe
  • Language comprehension (meaning)

Question 23

Visual Wiring

Answer 23

• Left eye–> Right Hemisphere
• Right eye–> Left Hemisphere
• Data received is then shared between hemispheres (cannot be done w/o a corpus Callosum

Question 24

Conscious Sequential Processing

Answer 24

• Processes serially (one after another)
• Slower
• Requires attention
  
  • Good at solving new problems
• Reason why we cannot multi-task