AP Psychology (Class) > Memory Unit 7 > Flashcards

Memory Unit 7 Flashcards

(80 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Information Processing Model

A
  1. Encode- get info into our memory system/process
  2. Store- Keeping the info around
  3. Retrieve- using/looking at the info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Encoding (Dual Track)

A

Types:

  • Automatic processing
  • Effortful processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Automatic Processing

A
  • Don’t need to do work to process
  • Ex: Spacial relationships, time (sequences), frequency (things that repeat), well-learned information (language, numbers)
    • Whenever you look at language or numbers, you automatically read them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Effortful Processing

A

-Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage
Types: Rote/ maintenance (repeat verbatim), elaborative (elaborate on info)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ebbinghaus

A
  • studied nonsense syllables
  • Retention curve and forgetting curve
  • As rehearsal increases, relearning time decreases (negative correlation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cramming/Massed practice

A
  • Bad
  • Speedy short-term learning/ feelings of confidence
  • Does not yield long-term recall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spacing Effect

A
  • Good

- Distributed study time leads to better long-term recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Testing effect

A

-Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Imagery/Mnemonic Devices

A
  • Improve memory marginally
  • Imagery: mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing
  • Mnemonic device: learning technique that aids memory retention
    • Acronyms
    • Method of location (loci)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Effortful processing

A
  • Depends on how we process information
  • Types:
    • Shallow encoding/processing
    • Deep encoding/ processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Crack and Tulving

A
  • Looked at differences between types of processing
  • The way you encode information would change your ability to recall info at a later date
  • Set up an experiment where they could control the way a person processed information
  • Used semantic (best- deep), acoustic( 2nd best somewhat shallow), and visual (3rd best-shallow) processing
  • If we can encode based on what something means, yields the best recall at later date
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Serial Position Effect

A
  • Tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle
  • Position things one after another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primacy Effect

A
  • Tendency to recall items at the beginning of list

- Nothing else has crowded our memory system- full attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Recently Effect

A
  • Tendency to recall items at the end of a list
  • Freshest in our mind
  • Haven’t had time to leave memory yet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rehearsal

A

-Autoencode repetition of remembering things (frequency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Semantic distinctiveness

A
  • Words or items that are different in meaning we notice

- Ex: artichoke in the list of sleep-related words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Constructed memory

A
  • Encode based on meaning/gist

- Details get lost–> false memories form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin

A
  • How we encode, store, and retrieve
  • Model of memory, different ways and places memory is stored
  • External event–> sensory –(encoding [attention needed])-> STM/Working memory–encoding-> LTM
  • When info goes from LTM to STM/WM, we are retrieving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • Immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
  • Entry point for raw info from the senses
  • Types: Iconic and Acoustic/ echoic
  • Recording in sensory registers–> lost forever or sent to STM/WM (have to be paying attention)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Iconic

A
  • Studied by Sperling
  • We do have this very brief recording of visual info- 1 to 2 seconds
  • Showed participants letters flashed on a screen (millisecond)
  • Played a different tone that corresponds with a row- people can remember the row if tone happened within a few seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acoustic/ Echoic

A
  • Very brief sound memory (3 to 4 seconds) that can occur even if attention is elsewhere
  • Communication is sound-based
    • Therefore lasts more than iconic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sensory-> STM/WM

A
  • Attention

- Need to move info from sensory to STM/MN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Short-Term Memory

A
  • Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
  • Holding area- work to keep it there (rehearsal)
  • Ex: remembering phone #s until you don’t need it anymore
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Working Memory

A
  • Updated understanding of STM stage

- Involves conscious, active processing of incoming info, and of info retrieved from LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Active Stage
- Lots of stuff going into WM - Sending info to the LTM but retrieving it from there as well (how we encode info/ make connections) - Bi-directional flow
26
Capacity of STM/WM
- Approximately 7 items | - How we cluster info can increase/decrease this
27
Chunking
- Taking individual units and grouping them into larger units - Can help if more into STM/WM
28
Long Term Memory
- Limitless - Relatively permanent storehouse of memory - Building meaning to encode it property for LTM - Types: Explicit and Implicit
29
Where is memory stored?
- Everywhere - Lashley - Taught rats how to navigate mazes so that they remembered it, then removed parts of the brain - Whatever part he removed, it affected memory - What mattered was how much of the brain was removed--> neural connections are affected
30
Explicit vs Implicit
- 2 track storage - Also called Declarative vs. Nondeclarative - Easily expressed vs experienced - Recall on command, easily verbalized vs. more body based, actions - Use different brain structures
31
Explicit Memory
- Types: Episodic and Semantic | - Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
32
Episodic memory
- Autobiographical memory - Personally experienced events * replaying/ recalling events
33
Semantic memory
- Acquired knowledge: facts, figures, knowledge | - Information
34
Brain Structures for Explicit Memory
- Frontal lobes- working memory - Hippocampus- processes explicit memory for storage - During REM/ deep sleep - Located in the temporal lobe
35
Implicit Memory
-Retention independent of conscious recollection | Types: procedural, emotional
36
Procedural memory
- Muscle memory - How to do something (autopilot) - Ride a bike - Speak - Basal Ganglia: motor coordination - Active during formation of procedural memory
37
Emotional memory
- Classically conditioned responses - Feelings triggered by seeing/experiencing something you have experienced before - Pride in seeing a flag - Seeing a test and getting anxiety - Cerebellum: active during emotional memory
38
Infantile Amnesia
- Conscious memory of 1st 3 years is blank - Implicit memory started working before explicit memory - Cannot recall because hippocampus isn't fully functioning until age 3
39
Stress hormones
- Set the chemical basis for new memories - Signal that something has happened - Sears memory into brain - Tells the Amygdala to activate memory traces, disrupts other memory formations occurring at the time - Ex: cannot learn if stressed, new info is overshadowed
40
Flashbulb Memory
- A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment - Everything is being captured - 9/11
41
Is our recall perfect?
- No | - Every time you open an old memory, you open it up to misinformation
42
Kandel
- Discovered Long-Term potentiation - An increase in a cell's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation - Believed to be a neural a basis for learning and memory
43
Retrieval
-Types: Recall and Recognition
44
Recall
-Retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test
45
Recognition
-Identify items preciously learned, as on a multiple choice test
46
Recall vs Recognition
- Over time, recall fades while recognition remains | - Prospective memory decreases (things you have to do - u forget)
47
Harry Bahrick
- Studied memory of high school classmates 25 years after graduation - Bad recall--> couldn't think of all classmates names - 90% recognition - used pictures of the people or a list of names
48
Retrieval cues
- Memory triggers- access points of memory - Ways of accessing memory - The more retrieval cues you have, the more of a chance you have at accessing a memory - Learning info in only one way makes it difficult to access info: learn in multiple ways
49
Context Effects
- Being in context of learning can help - Godden and Baddeley - Scuba divers listen to words in two settings, recalled the words better when they were in the same context they learned them in - Ex: retracing steps can trigger memory - Why police the witnesses back to the scene of the crime - Can be problematic because they can created a newly flawed memory
50
State-dependent memory
- What we learn in a certain physiological state can be more easily recalled when in that same state again - Internal vs external physiological state can help if in the same state when recalling
51
Mood Congruent Memory
- Type of state-dependent memory - Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood - Ex: depressed people have difficultly thinking good thoughts because bad mood triggers more bad thoughts
52
Memory
-The persistent of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
53
Parallel processing
- The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously - The brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions - Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
54
Shallow processing
-Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
55
Deep Processing
- Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words | - Tends to yield the best recall
56
Hippocampus
- A neural center located in the limbic system | - Helps process explicit memories for storage
57
Relearning
-A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
58
Priming
-The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
59
Why do we forget?
- Encoding failure - Storage decay - Retrieval failure
60
Elderly Brains
- Less active in encoding | - May explain age-related memory decline
61
Selective Attention
- Attending to one thing, and disregarding other things (do not properly encode) - Leads to encoding failure - Much of forgetting is due to improper encoding
62
Forgetting Curve (Storage Decay)
- Ebbinghaus - Studied more nonsense syllables - Measured how much he retained after varying intervals - Forgetting --> initially rapid, then levels off with time - Stuff that remains you will hang on to for a long time
63
Bahrick and the Forgetting Curve (Storage Decay)
- Forgetting curve for Spanish - 3 years out of school, a lot had been forgotten - 25+ years later, forgetting hand't increased - Hang on to forever the things that remain
64
Causes of storage decay?
- Possible physical memory traces start to decay | - Especially connections we do not use
65
Retrieval Failure
- Info is there, but we cannot access it - Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon - Memory can be recalled with retrieval cues
66
Interference
- Learning info may disrupt recall of info | - Two types: Proactive and Retroactive
67
Proactive Interference
- Old info disrupts new info (difficult to remember new stuff) - Ex: cannot remember new locker combination, but can remember last year's
68
Retroactive Interference
- New info replaces the old (new learning disrupts recall of old info) - Ex: cannot remember last year's locker combination
69
Anterograde Amnesia
-An inability to form new memories
70
Retrograde Amnesia
-An inability to retrieve information from one's past
71
Repression
-In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
72
Misinformation
-Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
73
Source Amnesia
- Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, or imagined - Also called misattribution - Along with misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
74
Deja Vu
- That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" | - Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
75
Loftus and Palmer
- Eyewitness testimony - film of traffic accident followed by emotionally loaded questions - If they said that the cars "smashed into each other" more people would say they saw glass in the video, when no glass was there - If they said the cars "hit" each other, less people said they saw glass in the video
76
Poole and Lindsay
- Mr. Science - Came to preschool - Read a book about preschoolers having a day with Mr. Science - Did some real experiments - 40%: recalled doing the events that they read in the book
77
False Convictions
-79% of 200 people exonerated by DNA evidence were convicted on faulty eyewitness accounts
78
Digitally altered images skew memory
- People who are shown photoshopped images mixed in with actual images of their child remember doing the false events - Ex: showed picture of you and your family in a hot air balloon when you never went on one together, you think that that actually happened
79
Imagination Inflation
- simply imagining an event can create a false memory - mundane tasks - Picking up a stapler and breaking a window - traumatic childhood event (25%) - needing stiches - By imagining something happened, we can acquire false memories
80
Patient HM
- Henry Molaison - Severe seizure disorder - Had hippocampus removed - Could not remember anything that happened after his surgery (anterograde amnesia) - Couldn't form new explicit memories - Studied by Milner - He could improve on the star-tracking task, but had not recall of having done the task before (emphasizes dual-track storage)
AP Psychology (Class)
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions