Emotion (Modules 40-41) Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotions

A
  • Response of the whole organism
  • Energize and direct our behaviors, like motivations
    • Ex: if angry, find a way to channel anger in behavior
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2
Q

3 Components of Emotions

A
  1. Physiological arousal (reaction w/in body)
  2. Expressive behavior (feel emotion, show it)
  3. Conscious experience (cannot feel emotion unless aware of it)
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3
Q

Example of 3 Components of Emotion

A

Sadness

  • Heart rate changes, BP changes (physiological arousal)
  • Cry, frown (expressive behavior)
  • Awareness of sadness (conscious experience)
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4
Q

Key Controversies

A
  1. Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
  2. Does cognition precede emotion?
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5
Q

Theories of Emotion

A

3 basic attempts to explain how emotion works, and the order which emotion occurs (arousal, emotion, or thought first?)

  1. James-Lange
  2. Cannon-Bard
  3. Schachter 2 Factor (Cognitive)
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6
Q

William James

A
  • James-Lange Theory of Emotion
  • Physiological arousal before emotion
  • Each physiological arousal creates a certain emotion
    • Mixes of arousals create emotions
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7
Q

Problem with James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A
  • In order to work, emotions need to be linked to an exact physiological arousal
    • Doesn’t happen, body does same thing for many emotions
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8
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A
  • Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
    • Brain works quickly
  • At this time: people had just discovered the thalamus
    • If there is a sensory switchboard, there wouldn’t be a lag
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9
Q

Problems with Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A
  • Paralyzed individuals report lower levels of emotional feeling
    • Connection between what body does and what we feel
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10
Q

Modern Theories of Emotion

A
  • Schachter 2 Factor (Schachter-Singer)
  • Zajonc
  • LeDoux
  • Address cognition
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11
Q

Schachter

A

Schachter 2 Factor Theory of Emotion

  • Cognition can define emotion
    • Cognitively label our arousal–> emotion being created
  • Factor 1: arousal, Factor 2: cognitive label
  • Perception of Stimulus–> arousal and cognitive label–> emotion
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12
Q

Bridge Experiment

A
  • College age men
  • Condition A: Walk across dangerous bridge, meet woman at the end
    • Give number so they can ask questions
    • Heightened sense of arousal
      • More likely to ask out woman because they associated their arousal with attraction
  • Condition B (Control Group): Lower bridge, still meet woman at the end and get number
  • Shows how we can misinterpret our arousals
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13
Q

Spillover Effect

A
  • We have a lingering physiological arousal from a past situation that spills over into a current situation
    • We come up with a label even though this arousal was triggered by another situation
  • Ex: sports fans excited from game, not adrenaline
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14
Q

Schachter and Singer SpillOver Effect experiment

A
  • Expect side effects vs No side Effects
  • Cognitive labeling of physiological arousal that has been artificially induced
  • All injected with adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • Sat in a waiting room
  • Confederate: artificially placed in experiment, playing role of participant
    • Expressed extreme emotion (Loud)
  • Expect side effects: no emotional change)
  • No side effects: mirrored confederate
    • Needed to find a label for their side effects–> readily adopted confederate’s emotions
  • Arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it
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15
Q

Zajonc

A
  • We have emotional responses outside of cognition
    • Ex: we can be subliminally primed to feel certain things outside conscious awareness
  • Experiment: people were flashed two different emotional faces, happy or angry face, and then given something to drink
    • Happy: drank more
    • Angry: drank less
  • Priming: unconscious awareness
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16
Q

LeDoux

A
  • How certain emotions are triggered
  • Low road:
    • Bypasses cortex
    • Thalamus–> Amygdala
      • Bypasses thinking
  • High Road:
    • Thinking pathway
    • Cortex
      • Not immediate reaction
  • Example of duel processing
17
Q

LeDoux Experiment

A
  • Fear response image is projected at a subliminal level
  • Findings:
    • Amygdala activated with fear image
    • Neutral image had no activation
      • People unaware of being show these images (Unconscious)
18
Q

Lazarus

A
  • Unconscious processing doesn’t negate an appraisal (cognition)
    • Ex: Thinking about a situation as threat vs. No threat
19
Q

Routes of Emotion

A
  • Event–> Appraisal–> Emotional response (Lazarus, Schachter))
  • Event–> emotional response (Zajonc, LeDoux)
20
Q

Nervous System and Embodied Emotion

A
  • Emotional experience–> nervous system activation
    • Automatic nervous system–>sympathetic nervous system
  • Physiological similarities for different emotions
21
Q

Physiological differences for emotions

A
  • Subtle
  • Finger temps and hormone secretions differ between fear and rage
  • Fear and joy stimulate different facial muscles
22
Q

Brain Circuitry

A
  • Fear vs. Anger

- Greater Amygdala activation when mimicking fear than anger

23
Q

Left Vs. Right Hemisphere

A
  • Cortical distinctions between positive and negative emotions
    • Left: positive
    • Right: negative
24
Q

Polygraph

A
  • A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies
  • Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotions
    • Perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes
  • Inaccurate because the same physiological responses can bring about multiple emotions