Emotion (Modules 40-41) Flashcards
1
Q
Emotions
A
- Response of the whole organism
- Energize and direct our behaviors, like motivations
- Ex: if angry, find a way to channel anger in behavior
2
Q
3 Components of Emotions
A
- Physiological arousal (reaction w/in body)
- Expressive behavior (feel emotion, show it)
- Conscious experience (cannot feel emotion unless aware of it)
3
Q
Example of 3 Components of Emotion
A
Sadness
- Heart rate changes, BP changes (physiological arousal)
- Cry, frown (expressive behavior)
- Awareness of sadness (conscious experience)
4
Q
Key Controversies
A
- Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
- Does cognition precede emotion?
5
Q
Theories of Emotion
A
3 basic attempts to explain how emotion works, and the order which emotion occurs (arousal, emotion, or thought first?)
- James-Lange
- Cannon-Bard
- Schachter 2 Factor (Cognitive)
6
Q
William James
A
- James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- Physiological arousal before emotion
- Each physiological arousal creates a certain emotion
- Mixes of arousals create emotions
7
Q
Problem with James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A
- In order to work, emotions need to be linked to an exact physiological arousal
- Doesn’t happen, body does same thing for many emotions
8
Q
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A
- Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
- Brain works quickly
- At this time: people had just discovered the thalamus
- If there is a sensory switchboard, there wouldn’t be a lag
9
Q
Problems with Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A
- Paralyzed individuals report lower levels of emotional feeling
- Connection between what body does and what we feel
10
Q
Modern Theories of Emotion
A
- Schachter 2 Factor (Schachter-Singer)
- Zajonc
- LeDoux
- Address cognition
11
Q
Schachter
A
Schachter 2 Factor Theory of Emotion
- Cognition can define emotion
- Cognitively label our arousal–> emotion being created
- Factor 1: arousal, Factor 2: cognitive label
- Perception of Stimulus–> arousal and cognitive label–> emotion
12
Q
Bridge Experiment
A
- College age men
- Condition A: Walk across dangerous bridge, meet woman at the end
- Give number so they can ask questions
- Heightened sense of arousal
- More likely to ask out woman because they associated their arousal with attraction
- Condition B (Control Group): Lower bridge, still meet woman at the end and get number
- Shows how we can misinterpret our arousals
13
Q
Spillover Effect
A
- We have a lingering physiological arousal from a past situation that spills over into a current situation
- We come up with a label even though this arousal was triggered by another situation
- Ex: sports fans excited from game, not adrenaline
14
Q
Schachter and Singer SpillOver Effect experiment
A
- Expect side effects vs No side Effects
- Cognitive labeling of physiological arousal that has been artificially induced
- All injected with adrenaline (epinephrine)
- Sat in a waiting room
- Confederate: artificially placed in experiment, playing role of participant
- Expressed extreme emotion (Loud)
- Expect side effects: no emotional change)
- No side effects: mirrored confederate
- Needed to find a label for their side effects–> readily adopted confederate’s emotions
- Arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it
15
Q
Zajonc
A
- We have emotional responses outside of cognition
- Ex: we can be subliminally primed to feel certain things outside conscious awareness
- Experiment: people were flashed two different emotional faces, happy or angry face, and then given something to drink
- Happy: drank more
- Angry: drank less
- Priming: unconscious awareness
16
Q
LeDoux
A
- How certain emotions are triggered
- Low road:
- Bypasses cortex
- Thalamus–> Amygdala
- Bypasses thinking
- High Road:
- Thinking pathway
- Cortex
- Not immediate reaction
- Example of duel processing
17
Q
LeDoux Experiment
A
- Fear response image is projected at a subliminal level
- Findings:
- Amygdala activated with fear image
- Neutral image had no activation
- People unaware of being show these images (Unconscious)
18
Q
Lazarus
A
- Unconscious processing doesn’t negate an appraisal (cognition)
- Ex: Thinking about a situation as threat vs. No threat
19
Q
Routes of Emotion
A
- Event–> Appraisal–> Emotional response (Lazarus, Schachter))
- Event–> emotional response (Zajonc, LeDoux)
20
Q
Nervous System and Embodied Emotion
A
- Emotional experience–> nervous system activation
- Automatic nervous system–>sympathetic nervous system
- Physiological similarities for different emotions
21
Q
Physiological differences for emotions
A
- Subtle
- Finger temps and hormone secretions differ between fear and rage
- Fear and joy stimulate different facial muscles
22
Q
Brain Circuitry
A
- Fear vs. Anger
- Greater Amygdala activation when mimicking fear than anger
23
Q
Left Vs. Right Hemisphere
A
- Cortical distinctions between positive and negative emotions
- Left: positive
- Right: negative
24
Q
Polygraph
A
- A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies
- Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotions
- Perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes
- Inaccurate because the same physiological responses can bring about multiple emotions
