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AP Psychology (Class) > Therapy > Flashcards

Therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

Dual Approaches of Therapy

A
  • Psychotherapy
  • Biomedical Therapy
  • Usually used together
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2
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • Trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
    • people w/ people
    • W/ or w/out diagnosis
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3
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A
  • Prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on patient’s nervous system
    • Has diagnosis
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4
Q

Psychotherapy types

A
  • Eclectic approach
    • Psychoanalytic
    • Psychodynamic
    • Humanistic
    • Behavioral
    • Cognitive
    • Cognitive-Behavioral
  • All 1 on 1 or in groups
  • “Talk therapies”
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5
Q

Psychoanalysis Goals

A
  • FREUD
  • Bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness
    • Healthy living is possible when we let go of ID-ego-superego conflict
      • Reduce conflict
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6
Q

Methods of Psychoanalysis

A
  • Projective tests: TAT and Inkblots
    • Free association: what comes to mind automatically
      • Responses are interpreted, looking for moments of resistance
  • Hypnosis
  • Dream analysis: latent (hidden content) vs manifest (obvious content) of dreams
    • Latent reveals anxiety
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7
Q

Transference

A
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
    • Ex: love or hatred for a parent
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8
Q

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

A
  • Interpretations cannot be proven or disproven

- Rebuttal: It is a therapy, not a science

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9
Q

How Psychoanalysis is Used

A
  • Lengthy process: Several years of several sessions a week
  • Expensive: 3 times a week for 2 years: $30,000
  • France, Germany, Quebec, NYC
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10
Q

Goals of Psychodynamic

A

-Shed light on current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships

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11
Q

Humanistic goals

A

-Self-fulfillment boosting by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

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12
Q

Humanistic vs. Pyschodynamic

A
  • Similar: Insight therapies
    • Individual gains insight about self and improves
  • Differences:
    • Present and future (humanistic) vs. past (psychodynamic)
    • Conscious mind instead of unconscious
    • Immediate responsibility
    • Promotes growth, not curing illness
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13
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A
  • Carl Rogers
  • Growth-promoting climate
    • Acceptance (Unconditional
    • Empathy
    • Genuineness
  • Non-directive therapy
  • Active listening
    • Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
      • Don’t add opinion
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14
Q

Goals of Behavioral Therapy

A
  • Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
  • BF Skinner
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15
Q

CounterConditioning

A
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
  • Types: Exposure therapy, aversive conditioning
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16
Q

Wolpe

A
  • Created exposure therapies based off Mary Cover Jones’ ideas
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Behavioral techniques that treat anxiety by exposing people (In imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
  • Ex: Virtual Reality exposure therapy, systematic desensitization
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17
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A
  • Behavioral Therapy (Type of Counterconditioning)
  • Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
    • Treat nail biting, alcoholism
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18
Q

Behavioral Modification

A
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement or undesired behaviors
    • Ex: Token Economy
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19
Q

Token Economy

A
  • People earn a token of same sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privilege or treats
    • Used in institutions, as well as at arcades (tickets or coins)
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20
Q

Cognitive Therapy Goals

A
  • Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
  • Based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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21
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A
  • Cognitive Therapy of psych disorders
  • Interval beliefs are super important
  • Person w/ depression interprets suggestions as criticism, disagreement as dislike
    • Ruminating on these thoughts sustain bad moods
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22
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

-An approach in psychology that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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23
Q

Ellis

A
  • Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
  • Type of cognitive therapy
  • Confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challengers people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
    • Point out absurdities in thinking
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24
Q

Beck

A
  • Beck’s therapy for depression
  • Type of cognitive therapy
  • Gentler than Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
  • Helps clients see catastrophizing beliefs through gentle questioning
    • CB: worst-case scenario
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25
Q

Stress Inoculation Training

A
  • Meichenbaum

- Teaching people to restructure thinking in stressful situations

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26
Q

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

A
  • Popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) w/ behavior therapy (changing behavior)
  • Study: People learn to prevent compulsive behaviors by relabeling obsessive thoughts
    • Instead of giving in to urge, they would spend 15 minutes doing an alternative, enjoyable activity
27
Q

Group Therapy

A
  • Saves therapist time and money
  • Often just as effective as individual
  • Clients discover:
    • Not alone in their problems
    • Offers social lab for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills
    • It provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving
  • Ex: Alcoholics Anonymous: 2 million members
28
Q

Family Therapy

A
  • Treat whole system instead of individual

- Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

29
Q

Resistance

A

-In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

30
Q

Interpretation

A

-In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

31
Q

Insight Therapies

A
  • A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
  • Psychodynamic and Humanistic= examples
32
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

-A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

33
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A
  • A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
  • Commonly used to treat phobias
34
Q

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

A

-An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stipulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

35
Q

Regression Toward the Mean

A

-The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

36
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

-A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

37
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

-Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

38
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

-A bond of trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

39
Q

Resilence

A

-The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

40
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

-The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

41
Q

Antipsychotic Drug

A
  • Drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
  • Accidental discovery: calmed patients w/ psychoses
  • Ex: Chlorpromazine
  • Dampen response to irrelevant stimuli
    • Help patients w/ positive symps of schizo
  • Most mimic neurotransmitter dopamine structure to block its activity (doesn’t trigger a response)
  • Side effects:
    • Sluggishness, tremors, twitches
    • Tardive dyskinesia: involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs
42
Q

Antianxiety Drug

A
  • Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
  • Depress CNS= calming effect
  • Xanax, Ativan
  • Can cause physiological dependence
    • Cessation: heightened anxiety, insomnia, withdrawal symps
  • End of 20th century: rate of treatment for anxiety disorders near doubled
    • Patients receiving medication increased from 52-70%
  • Current standard= antidepressants
43
Q

Antidepressant Drug

A
  • Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PSTD
  • Increase availability of neurotransmitters
    • norepinephrine, serotonin
  • Ex: Prozac blocks reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapse
    • SSRIs: Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
  • Others block both norepinephrine and serotonin
  • Side effects:
    • Dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, dizzy spells
  • Delayed effect
  • Increased serotonin==> neurogenesis
    • Reverses stress-induced loss of neurons
  • Natural antidepressants= aerobic exercise
  • Risk of suicide= blown out of proportion
44
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A
  • A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
  • 1938: 1st introduced
    • Wide awake, strapped to table, 100 volts of electricity
  • Today: general anesthetic, muscle relaxant (can have seizure)
    • Awake after 30 mins, remember nothing
    • No brain damage
  • Not sure why it works= like restarting computer
    • May spark neurogenesis
  • Reduces suicidal thoughts
  • 4/10 relapse w/in 6 months
    • Needs to be revisited, not one-time fix (last resort)
45
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A
  • rTMS
  • The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain
  • Used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
  • No seizures, performed wide awake
  • Only penetrates to the brain’s surface
  • Possibly energizes depressed patients’ inactive left frontal lobe
  • Randomized clinical trials show mixed success
46
Q

Psychosurgery

A
  • Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
  • Irreversible
  • Drastic, rarely used
  • LAST EFFORT**
47
Q

Lobotomy

A
  • A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
  • The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
    • Separates limbic system and cortex
  • Intention: Disconnect emotion from thought
  • Effect: Decreased misery and tension, but produces lethargy, immature, uncreative person
    • At worst: people die, comatose
48
Q

Client’s Perceptions

A
  • 89% fairly well satisfied

- 9/10 transition from poor/fair to very good/good

49
Q

Why not to trust client’s perceptions

A
  • People enter therapy in crisis
    • Will improve regardless and regress back to the mean
  • Money, energy, time spent on therapy
    • Self-justification of expenditure
  • Hard to be critical of therapist if you like them as a client
50
Q

Clinicians’ perceptions

A
  • Biased: Hear selective outcomes (success stories)

- Those who did not like therapy will not reach out, while those who did will reach out with their success

51
Q

Longitudinal Study of Therapy

A
  • McCord
  • 500 high-risk Mass boys (juvenile delinquents)
  • 1/2 randomly assigned to 5 year treatment program
  • 30 yrs later:
    • Experimental group: glowing testimonials, 66% no juvenile record
    • Control group: 70% had no record
  • *Shows there is no long-term effect, only short term effect
52
Q

Outcome Research and Eysenck

A
  • 2/3 receiving psychotherapy improved markedly, yet same improvement for those on the waiting list
    • Time= powerful healer
  • Randomized clinical trials are best
    • Randomly assign people to therapy or not
    • Assessed via meta-analysis
  • Average therapy patient fairs better than 80% of untreated individuals on waiting lists
    • Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve
  • Cost effective? Yes
    • Patients do not seek other medical answers when in therapy
53
Q

Effectiveness of Different Therapies

A
  • Stats cannot pinpoint one type as superior
  • Behavioral conditioning: good for specific behavioral problems (phobias, compulsions, marital problems)
  • Cognitive: depression, suicide
  • Most effective when problem is well defined
  • APA recommends evidence-based practice
54
Q

Drug Therapies

A
  • Most widely used biomedical treatment
  • 1950s: advances in psychopharmacology
  • Effectiveness assessed with double-blind procedures
55
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A
  • For those w/ negative symps of schizo
  • Ex: Clozapin
  • Target dopamine and serotonin receptors
  • Newer drugs have fewer conventional side effects
    • Increase risk of obesity and diabetes
    • Hopeful about effectiveness of stimulates glutamate receptors
56
Q

Mood stabilizing medications

A
  • Lithium (salt) can help bipolar disorder
    • Discovered by John Cade by accident
    • Helps 7/10 people w/ bipolar disorder
    • Risk of suicide in 1/6 of those not taking lithium
    • Not sure why this works
57
Q

Therapeutic Life-style change

A
  • Mind and body= connected
  • Stephen Ilardi and colleagues hold seminars promoting this
    • Humans were designed for physical activity and social engagement
      • Those whose way of life is about strenuous physical activity, strong community ties, sunlight exposure, plenty of sleep= rarely experience depression
    • Not designed for sedentary. disengaged, socially isolated, poorly nourished, sleep deprived pace of American life
58
Q

Ilardi’s Solution

A
  • 12 week program
    • Aerobic exercise
    • Adequate sleep
    • Light exposure
    • Social connection
    • Nutritional supplements
    • Anti-rummination
  • *77% experience releif from depression, compared w/ 19% in normal-treatment conditions
59
Q

Evaluating Alternative Therapies

A
  • National survey: 57% anxiety attacks, 54% those w/ a history of depression use alternative treatments
    • Ex: herbal medicine, massage, spiritual healing
  • No evidence for or against most of them
  • Ex: Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Light Exposure Therapy
60
Q

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

A
  • Mixed feelings
  • Developed by Francine Shapiro
    • People imagine traumatic scenes while eye movements are triggered
    • Enables the unlocking and reprocessing of previously stored memories
  • Does it work?
    • single trauma victims
      • 4 studies, 84-100% said yes
    • Treatment only takes 90 mins
    • Treats non-military PSTD
  • Why does it work?
    • Eye movements relax and distract patients
      • Memory-associated emotions extinguish
    • Rebuttel: other movements produce therapeutic results
61
Q

Light Exposure Therapy

A
  • Combats major depressive disorder
  • Timed daily dose of intense light
  • Study: Seasonal-pattern depression individuals w/ 90 mins of bright light, or negative ion generator (Placebo)
    • 4 wks: 61% improved (Morning light), 50% improved (evening light), 30% improved placebo
  • Morning bright light does dim depression symps, as effective as taking antidepressants or cognitive-behavior therapy
  • Sparks activity in brain region that influences body arousal and hormones
62
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A
  • Peter= scared of rabbits
  • Replace Peter’s fear with something incompatible to fear
  • Peter eats a snack while furry animals enter room, doesn’t notice
  • w/in two months, Peter touches the animals without being scared
  • Relaxed state cannot coexist w/ fear
63
Q

Albert Ellis

A
  • Advocated for Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
  • No one and nothing is supreme
  • Self-gratification= good
  • Harmful consequences of unequivocal love, commitment, service, fidelity to any interpersonal commitment

AP Psychology (Class) (21 decks)

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