Modules 42,43,44 Flashcards
Nonverbal Communication
- Best at deciphering negative emotions
- Especially quick to note anger (evolutionary)
Experience Sensitizes Us
-Child victims of abuse are more likely to perceive anger emotions
Key Areas for Nonverbals
- Eyes and Mouth
- Used to determine emotions
MicroExpressions
- Brief, fleeting involuntary facial expressions
- Studied by Paul Ekman
- Emotional detection
- How cultures express emotions
Duchenne Smile vs Feigned Smile
- Feigned= fake
- Duchenne= under eye activation, real
Gender and Emotion Experiment
- Is one gender more emotionally expressive than the other?
- Show pictures of people in depress
- Women= more likely to express overt concern
- Same physiological arousal for both genders
- Men= taught to suppress emotions
Gender and Emotions
- Women react w/ greater emotion to self-generated thoughts/memories
- Ruminate/dwell
- In a hypothetical situation involved with friend betrayal
- Men=anger and external (substance abuse)
- Women= sadness and internal (depression)
Gender Interpretation
- Women are better at reading nonverbals
- Evolutionary, primary care givers for infants (need to know if something is wrong)
- Women have greater “emotional literacy”
- Varied vocabulary when talking about feelings
- Men don’t talk about their feelings
Expectations in Gender Emotions
- Women linked with overall emotionality
- Men specifically linked with anger
Universal Emotions
- Facial expressions
- Studied by Paul Ekman and Izard
- Believed that there are universal emotions and facial emotions
- Studied isolated tribes
- Universal: Joy, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt
Display rules
- Culture specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate
- Experiment: viewed graphic surgical footage in the presence and absence of an observer
- Americans: Were visibly grossed out regardless of professor’s presence (Individualists)
- Japanese: No reaction w/ professor, grossed out without professor (collectivist–> bad to show emotions)
The effects of facial expressions
- When facial expressions are manipulated, like when furrowing brows, people feel more sad while looking at sad pictures
- Facial Feedback
Behavioral Feedback
- Sara Snodgrass: Posture and walking impacts mood, confidence
- Good posture: people felt good
- Bad posture: felt bad
Depression and Botox
- When individuals with depression were given Botox, their facial muscles were in a smiling position
- Felt happier/ improved depression
Stress
- The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors
- Appraise as threatening or challenging
- Appraisal of event= stress experience (Lazarus)
Short-Lived Stress
- When stress is short lived and seen as challenging:
- Overcoming obstacles boosts self-esteem
- Mobilizes immune system
- Self-efficacy: confidence through competence
Long-Lasting Stres
- Harmful
- PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Elevated disease rates
- Especially heart
Walter-Cannon
- Stress Response system
- Fight or flight
- Stay and fight, mobilize resources OR
- Avoid problem
Epinephrine
- Activated by stress
- Quick
- Immediately mobilizes resources
Cortisol
- Activated by stress
- Slow
- Builds up over time
Alternatives to Fight or Flight
- Withdrawal- freeze, save resources
- Males tend to do so
- Tending and Befriending
Hans Selye
- Studies of animals’ reactions to various stressors, such as electric shock and surgery,
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Amy Cuddy
- Studied behavioral feedback
- Power posing= effective
Facial Feedback Effect
-The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Health Psychology
-A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Tend and Befriend Response
- Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
- Shelley Taylor
- May be due to oxytocin
Psychophysiological Illness
- Literally “mind-body” illness
- Any stress-related physical illness
- Hypertension or some headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology
-The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Lymphocytes
-The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
Coronary Heart Disease
- The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
- Leading cause of death in many developing countries
Type A
-Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
Type B
-Friedman and Roseman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Types of Stressors
- Catastrophes
- Significant Life Changes
- Daily Hassles
Catastrophes
- Unpredictable large-scale events
- Ex: wars, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and famines
- Almost always appraised as threatening
- Worse if family relocates
Significant Life Changes
- Life transitions such as going to college/leaving home, getting married
- Stressful even if a happy time
- Often happen during young adulthood
Daily Hassles
- Ex: rush-hour traffic, aggravating siblings
- Can be shrugged off or added up–> health concerns
- Heart concerns
GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome)
- When facing stressors, go through 3 phases
- Body has a single stress response
1. Alarm reaction: all hands on deck
2. Resistance: face stressor head on
3. Exhaustion: Exhaust resources, no energy
Type A and Type B Study
-9 yr study of 3000 men
-classified into 2 categories: Type A and B
-Results:
-257 men suffered heart attacks
-70% were Type A
-no Type B’s had heart attack
Why?
-Type A: blood diverted away from liver, cholesterol builds up (getting Type A’s “combat ready”)
Macrophage
- Identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells
- “big eater”
Immune System Cells
- Lymphocytes (B and T)
- Macrophages
- Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
B Lymphocytes
-Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T Lymphocytes
-Form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
-pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)
AIDS
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Immune disorder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Spread through bodily fluids
- Stress and negative emotions speed the transition from HIV infection to AIDS in someone already infected
- Stress predicts a faster decline in those with AIDS
- Efforts to reduce stress help control the disease
Stress and Cancer
- Link between cancer and stress
- Proved and disproved
- Stress does not create cancer cells, but when stressed immune system is weakened
- Can lead to cancer growth
Carcinogens
-Cancer producing substances
Stress and Heart Disease
- Stress= closely linked to coronary heart disease
- Friedman and Rosenman experiment
- Before deadline: good blood cholesterol and clotting
- Close to deadline: Rose to dangerous levels
- After deadline: normal levels again
- Predicted heart-attack risks in these men
- Led to Type A and B study
- Type A’s negative emotions–> heart disease
- Depression= lethal
- Persistent inflammation
Estrogen
- sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
- Contributing to female sex characteristics
- In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
Testosterone
- The most important of the male sex hormones
- Both males and females have it
- Additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Oxytocin
-A stress-moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals and released by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans
