Modules 42,43,44 Flashcards
Nonverbal Communication
- Best at deciphering negative emotions
- Especially quick to note anger (evolutionary)
Experience Sensitizes Us
-Child victims of abuse are more likely to perceive anger emotions
Key Areas for Nonverbals
- Eyes and Mouth
- Used to determine emotions
MicroExpressions
- Brief, fleeting involuntary facial expressions
- Studied by Paul Ekman
- Emotional detection
- How cultures express emotions
Duchenne Smile vs Feigned Smile
- Feigned= fake
- Duchenne= under eye activation, real
Gender and Emotion Experiment
- Is one gender more emotionally expressive than the other?
- Show pictures of people in depress
- Women= more likely to express overt concern
- Same physiological arousal for both genders
- Men= taught to suppress emotions
Gender and Emotions
- Women react w/ greater emotion to self-generated thoughts/memories
- Ruminate/dwell
- In a hypothetical situation involved with friend betrayal
- Men=anger and external (substance abuse)
- Women= sadness and internal (depression)
Gender Interpretation
- Women are better at reading nonverbals
- Evolutionary, primary care givers for infants (need to know if something is wrong)
- Women have greater “emotional literacy”
- Varied vocabulary when talking about feelings
- Men don’t talk about their feelings
Expectations in Gender Emotions
- Women linked with overall emotionality
- Men specifically linked with anger
Universal Emotions
- Facial expressions
- Studied by Paul Ekman and Izard
- Believed that there are universal emotions and facial emotions
- Studied isolated tribes
- Universal: Joy, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt
Display rules
- Culture specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate
- Experiment: viewed graphic surgical footage in the presence and absence of an observer
- Americans: Were visibly grossed out regardless of professor’s presence (Individualists)
- Japanese: No reaction w/ professor, grossed out without professor (collectivist–> bad to show emotions)
The effects of facial expressions
- When facial expressions are manipulated, like when furrowing brows, people feel more sad while looking at sad pictures
- Facial Feedback
Behavioral Feedback
- Sara Snodgrass: Posture and walking impacts mood, confidence
- Good posture: people felt good
- Bad posture: felt bad
Depression and Botox
- When individuals with depression were given Botox, their facial muscles were in a smiling position
- Felt happier/ improved depression
Stress
- The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors
- Appraise as threatening or challenging
- Appraisal of event= stress experience (Lazarus)
Short-Lived Stress
- When stress is short lived and seen as challenging:
- Overcoming obstacles boosts self-esteem
- Mobilizes immune system
- Self-efficacy: confidence through competence
Long-Lasting Stres
- Harmful
- PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Elevated disease rates
- Especially heart
Walter-Cannon
- Stress Response system
- Fight or flight
- Stay and fight, mobilize resources OR
- Avoid problem
Epinephrine
- Activated by stress
- Quick
- Immediately mobilizes resources
Cortisol
- Activated by stress
- Slow
- Builds up over time
Alternatives to Fight or Flight
- Withdrawal- freeze, save resources
- Males tend to do so
- Tending and Befriending
Hans Selye
- Studies of animals’ reactions to various stressors, such as electric shock and surgery,
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Amy Cuddy
- Studied behavioral feedback
- Power posing= effective
Facial Feedback Effect
-The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness