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AP Psychology (Class) > Social Thinking Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Social Thinking Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Conformity

A
  • A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure
  • Think or act like members of a group
  • Negative in individualist culture
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2
Q

Solomon Asch

A

The Line Test

  1. Informational Social Influence
  2. Normative Social Influence
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3
Q

Informational Social Influence

A
  • Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
  • People know something we don’t
    • Have valuable info
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4
Q

Normative Social Influence

A
  • Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
    • Price we pay for being different can be severe
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5
Q

The Line Test

A
  • Group judged line length
  • All confederates except one person
    • Confederates: people acting in experiment to give blatantly wrong answer
  • Person would usually conform unless someone else in the group gave same answer
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6
Q

Conditions that strengthen conformity

A
  • One is made to feel incompetent/ insecure
  • The group has at least 3 ppl
  • Group is unanimous
    • If one person breaks this, others will follow
  • One admires group’s status/ attractiveness
  • One has made no prior commitment to a response
    • If you state what you believe on record, more likely to follow it
  • Others in the group observe one’s behavior
  • One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
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7
Q

Stanley Milgram

A
  • If individuals would engage in risky behavior if asked by authority figure
    • Obedience and shocking learners
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8
Q

Obedience is highest when…

A
  • Person giving orders is close and legit authority
  • Authority figure supported by prestigious institution
  • Victim depersonalization or at a distance
  • No role models for defiance
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9
Q

Social Facilitation

A
  • Triplett
  • Stronger responses on simple of well-learned tasks in the presence of others
  • Ex: Race faster against a person as opposed to clock
  • On tougher tasks, people perform worse when being observed
  • Arousal strengthens the most likely response
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10
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point
    • Arousal is too high= performance decreases
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11
Q

Social Loafing

A
  • Latane
  • Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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12
Q

Deindividuation

A
  • The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
    • Less self-conscious, less restrained
      • Ex: rioting, food fight
  • Ex of diffusion of responsibility
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13
Q

Effects of Group Interaction

A
  • Group polarization

- Groupthink

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14
Q

Group Polarization

A
  • Enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion w/in the group
    • When high-prejudice students disclose racial issues, they become more prejudiced
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15
Q

Group Think

A
  • Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
    • Ex: Ill-fated Bay of pigs invasion under JFK
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16
Q

Culture and Behavior

A
  • Each cultural group has its own norms
  • Ex: personal space
    • North Americans, British prefer more PS than Arabs, French
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17
Q

Norms

A

-Understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

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18
Q

Prejudice

A
  • Unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
    • Mixture of beliefs, emotions, and predisposition to action
  • Overt vs subtle, conscious vs. unconscious
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19
Q

Stereotype

A

-A generalized belief about a group of people

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20
Q

Discrimination

A

-Unjustifiable negative BEHAVIOR toward a group and its members

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21
Q

Social roots of Prejudice

A
  • Social inequalities–> the “haves” justify the status quo
  • Us vs. Them: ingroups and outgroups provides the benefits of communal solidarity
    • Ingroup Bias
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22
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

-The tendency to favor our own group

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23
Q

Emotional roots of Prejudice

A
  • Facing death heightens patriotism, produces loathing towards others
  • Scapegoat Theory
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24
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

-The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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25
Q

Categorization

A
  • Cognitive root of prejudice
  • Allows us to simplify the world
  • Acknowledges differences in our own groups, overestimate similarity in other groups (outgroup homogeneity)
    • They act/look alive, we are diverse
  • Other Race Effect
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26
Q

Other-Race Effect

A
  • Also called cross-race effect, own-race bias
  • The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races
  • Emerges 3-9 months
  • Reduced through increased exposure
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27
Q

Vivid Cases

A
  • Cognitive root of prejudice
  • Availability heuristic
    • Influences our judgement of a group
    • Vivid cases feed stereotypes
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28
Q

Just-World Phenomenon

A

-The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve, and deserve what they get

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29
Q

Hindsight Bias

A
  • Story ending in rape of a woman has participants partly blaming woman’s behavior
  • Story ending w rape deleted, don’t perceive behavior as inviting rape
30
Q

Aggression

A

-Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

31
Q

Frustration-Aggression principle

A

-The principle that frustration– the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal– creates anger, which can generate aggression

32
Q

Social Script

A

-Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

33
Q

Culture

A

-The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

34
Q

Ingroup

A
  • Us

- People whom we share a common identity

35
Q

Outgroup

A
  • Them

- Those perceived as different or apart from our Ingroup

36
Q

Altruism

A
  • Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

- Helping behavior

37
Q

Bystander Effect

A
  • Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
  • Due to:
    • Social Loafing
    • Diffusion of responsibility
    • Informational social influence
38
Q

Darley and Latane

A
  • Ex of bystander effect
  • Smoke filled room
  • Participant alone:
    • Sees smoke, automatically reacts
  • Confederates and participant:
    • Confederates do not react
    • Participant doesn’t react
39
Q

Best odds of our helping someone when..

A
  • Person appears to need and deserve help
  • Person is in some way similar to us
  • We are not in a hurry
  • We have just observed someone else being helpful
  • We are in a small town or rural area
  • We feel guilty
  • We are focused on others and not preoccupied
  • We are in a good mood (feel good, do good phenomenon)
40
Q

Norms for Helping

A
  • Social exchange theory
  • Helping behavior is something we are socialized to do
  • Reciprocity norm
  • Social responsibility norm
41
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A
  • Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
    • Helping others stimulates reward centers of the brain
42
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A
  • Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
    • Compels us to give about as much as we receive
43
Q

Social Responsibility Norm

A
  • Expectation that people will help those dependent on them
    • Even if cost outweighs benefit
  • Ex: Homeless, children
44
Q

Conflict

A
  • A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

- Comprised of many destructive processes, such as social traps, distorted perceptions

45
Q

Social Traps

A
  • Situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
    • Ex: Energy “blackout” during high temps (everyone turns temp too low, energy goes out in whole neighborhood. Avoided if people raised their temp a little bit)
46
Q

Mirror Image Perceptions

A
  • Mutual views, often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful, other side as evil and aggressive
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy
    • Escalating retaliation
47
Q

Peacemaking parts

A
  1. Contact
  2. Cooperation
  3. Communication
  4. Conciliation
48
Q

Peacemaking Contact

A

-Noncompetitive and between parties of equal status can reduce conflict

49
Q

Peacemaking Cooperation

A
  • Sherif
    • Pitted two teams against each other to create conflict
    • Superordinate goals: Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
      • Contact not enough, cooperative contact needed
50
Q

Peacemaking- Communication

A

-Go from “win-lose” to “win-win”

51
Q

Peacemaking- Conciliation

A
  • GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction– a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
    • Osgood
    • Slowly back down, responding in kind
      • Conciliation for conciliation, retaliation for retaliation
52
Q

Genetic influences of aggression

A
  • If one identical twin admits to violent temper, other twin does too
    • Fraternal twin= less likely
  • Y chromosome= violent
53
Q

Neural Influences

A
  • Animals and humans have neural systems that inhibit or facilitate aggression when activated
  • Ex: violent criminals have diminished frontal lobe activity, which controls impulses
54
Q

Biochemical Influences

A
  • Testosterone in bloodstream influences neural systems that control aggression
    • High testosterone-> irritability, assertiveness, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration
      • Correlates with delinquency, hard drug use, bullying
  • Aggressive people= more likely to drink alcohol
55
Q

Aversive Events (Psychological and social-cultural factors of aggression)

A
  • Those who are miserable make others miserable (frustration-aggression principles)
  • Ex: hot temp, physical pain, personal insults–> agression
56
Q

Reinforcement and Modeling (Psychological and Social-Cultural factors of aggression)

A
  • In situations where experience has taught us aggression pays, we are more likely to act aggressively again
  • Ex: children whose aggression intimidates= more likely to become bullies
57
Q

Aggression-Replacement Program

A
  • Taught both generations (Parents and children) new ways to control anger
    • Led the youth re-arrest rate to drop
58
Q

Media Models for Violence

A
  • TV provides us social script used in new situations

- Ex: After viewing sexual innuendos and acts on TV, youth incorporate into their real-life relationships

59
Q

Proximity

A
  • Geographic nearness is friendships most powerful predictor
  • Why?
    • Convenience
    • Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking
      • Familiarity breeds attraction
        • Ex: People more likely to marry someone whose name (1st or last) resembles their own
60
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A
  • After proximity, most affects our first impressions
    • University of Minnesota: Random matching of students for dance, and gave them a battery of personality/ aptitude tests
      • None of this mattered, looks were most important predictor of attraction
  • Perceive attractive people as happier, healthier, more sensitive, more successful, more socially skilled
    • Not more honest of compassionate
    • Attractiveness predicts higher income
61
Q

Universal Attractive Features

A
  • Men in 37 cultures say more “youthful” women are more attractive
  • Women attracted to healthy-looking men
    • Especially attracted to those who seem mature, dominant, affluent
  • People prefer physical features (nose, legs, physiques) that aren’t large or small
    • Average face= attractive
      • Studies take composite faces, judge most attractive
  • Symmetry is more sexually attractive
62
Q

Feeling Impact Attraction

A
  • If we like someone, or perceive them favorably, we view them as more attractive
    • As time passes, imperfections of love ones become less noticeable and their attractiveness grows
63
Q

Similarity

A
  • The more alike we are, the more we like someone

- Opposites do NOT attract

64
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A
  • Phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
    • Ex: people in magazines
65
Q

Passionate Love

A

-An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

66
Q

Compassionate Love

A

-The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

67
Q

Equity

A

-A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

68
Q

Self-disclosure

A

-Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

69
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

-A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

70
Q

Bystander Intervention

A
  • Darley and Latane
  • We help in situations that enable us to:
    • Notice the incident
    • Interpret as an emergency
    • Assume responsibility for helping

AP Psychology (Class) (21 decks)

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