Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology (Class) > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A
  • A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

- Anything that drives you to a behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do people engage in a behavior?

A
  1. Instinct
  2. Drive Reduction
  3. Optimum Arousal
  4. Hierarchy of Needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Instinct

A
  • A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
    • Darwinian
    • Outlived it’s usefulness
    • Does not really explain human behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drive Reduction

A
  • Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need
  • Ex: need for food, water–> drive (hunger, thirst)–> drive-reducing (eating, drinking)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Incentives

A
  • Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
  • How we are pushed by our psychological needs and pulled by incentives in the environment
    • Grocery shopping when hungry–> buying more food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • physiological aim of drive reduction
  • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
  • Regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Optimum Arousal

A
  • People are motivated to reach an optimal state of alertness or stimulation
    • More than homeostatic systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hierarchy of Needs Levels

A
  1. Physiological–> food water
  2. Safety–> shelter, financial security
  3. Belongingness and love–> finding people with whom you love
  4. Esteem–> achievement (recognized for contributions)
  5. Self-actualization–> fulfilling full potential “true purpose”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Maslow

A
  • Hierarchy of Needs
  • How we prioritize our needs/motivations
    • Dictates what type of behavior we engage in and when
    • Lower levels need to be met before higher levels
    • Progress in stages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Minnesota Starvation Experiment

A
  • Ancel Keys
  • Empirical (scientific) study of hunger
  • Prep for end of WWII
    • Guide efforts to help victims of famine in Europe and Asia
  • 36 volunteers (conscientious objectors)
  • Went through 6 week period of semi-starvation
  • Resulted in preoccupation w/ food, loss of interest in other things
  • *Shows Maslow’s hierarchy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stomach contractions

A

-Stomach contractions (Pangs) send signals to the brain, making us aware of our hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Washburn and Cannon

A
  • Swallowed a balloon that measured stomach contractions
  • Pressed a key each time he felt hungry
  • Pangs overlapped with feeling of hunger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Follow-Up on Washburn’s Experiment

A
  • Stomach contractions occur at other times
  • Removal of stomach doesn’t remove the hunger drive
  • Tsang: removed a rat’s stomach, connected it to the esophagus for the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry and ate food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Best psychological basis for hunger (creates hunger drives)
  • Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines
    • Send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain
      • Realtime feedback of blood chemistry
        • Effected by what we eat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A
  • Sides of hypothalamus
  • Stimulation causes anger
    • Drop in glucose triggers release of orexin
      • Hunger creating hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A
  • Lower/middle hypothalamus

- Stimulation causes satiety–> satisfaction/fullness

17
Q

Hypothalamus and Hormones

A

-The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are released hunger

18
Q

Hormones

A
  • Orexin increase–> hypothalamus–> increases hunger
  • Ghrelin increase–> Stomach–> increase hunger
  • Insulin increase–> pancreas–> increase hunger
  • Leptin increase–> fat cells–> decrease hunger
  • PPY increase–> digestive tract–> decrease hunger
19
Q

Set Point

A
  • How our body regulates hunger and weight
  • Point at which our body feels comfortable (shapewise) –rate of metabolism
  • Manipulating the lateral and the Ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat”
    • Heredity influences the set point and body type
  • Weight lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decrease
  • Weight gained= opposite
20
Q

Psychology of Hunger

A
  • Memory plays an important role in hunger
  • Due to difficulty w/ retention, amnesia patients eat frequently when given food
  • Eat due to: time of day or place where u usually eat increases hunger, tastes can lead to feeling full or satisfied –> food less yummy at end of meal (sensory adaptation)
21
Q

Taste Preference

A
  • Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hungry but what we are hungry for
    • Taste preference are influenced by culture
      • What we have been grown up eating
  • Ex: hot cultures like hot spices
22
Q

Obesity and Weight Control

A
  • Fat is an ideal form of stored energy and is readily available if needed
  • In times of famine, an overweight body was a sign of affluence
23
Q

Unit Bias

A
  • Idea of what a serving size in
  • Portions in USA: different from other areas of world
    • Larger meals
24
Q

Obesity

A
  • Determined by fat% of BMI (body mass index, measured by weight and height)
  • Obesity increases the risk for health issues
    • Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, back problems
25
Q

World Health Organization

A
  • Estimates 1 billion people= overweight
    • 300 million= clinically obese (BMI 30 or more)
  • 34% of USA= obese
  • Childhood obesity is increasing
26
Q

Body Mass Index

A
  • Obesity in children increases their risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer
    • Shortens life expectancy
  • Physical fitness isn’t determined by BMI and vice versa
27
Q

Obesity and Mortality

A
  • The death rate is high among very overweight men
    • Where someone carries their weight is important
      • Apple shape (stomach)= negative effects
      • Pear shape (hips, thighs)= less negative effects
28
Q

Social Effects on Obesity

A
  • Weight discrimination
  • When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire them (rated negative way)
    • Less acceptable for women to be overweight, than men
29
Q

Regina Pingitore

A
  • Pretend to apply for jobs
  • Went as themselves, healthy weight and actors overweight
    • How would this effect hire-ability
      • Much less worthy of being hired
  • Weight has an effect on pay (7,000 less)
30
Q

Additional obesity effects

A
  • Increased rates of depression

- Decreased wellbeing and little satisfaction

31
Q

Physiology of Obesity

A
  • Fat cells: 30-40 billion fat cells in body
  • Cells increase size (2-3 times normal size) and # (75 billion) in obese individuals
  • Fat cells never go away, but can shrink in size
32
Q

Set Point and Metabolism

A
  • When reduced from 3,500 calories to 450 calories, weight loss was a minimal 6% and metabolic rate was a mere 15%
    • Obese defend their weight by converting energy
    • Body is used to being at certain weight and burning certain amount of calories
33
Q

The Genetic Factor of Weight

A
  • Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis
    • Closer to same weight than fraternal twins
  • Obese mice have a defective gene for housing Leptin
  • Regular weight mice shed 40% of weight when injected with Leptin
34
Q

Activity

A
  • Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity

- Watching TV for 2 hours–> 23% weight increase when other factors are controlled

35
Q

Social Facilitation

A
  • Social setting, perform better on well learned tasks

- Eat more

36
Q

Sleep and Weight Correlation

A
  • When sleep increases, weight decreases (and vice versa)

- Negative correlation

37
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

-The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which performance decreases

38
Q

Glucose

A
  • The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
  • When level is low, feel hungry
39
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

-The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

AP Psychology (Class) (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions