Personality Unit 10 (X) Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

-An individual’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and across situations

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Father of psychoanalysis
  • Started as a medical doctor
    • Had patients with physical ailments he could not find a physical cause for
    • Maybe physical problems= manifestation of unaware occurrences
    • Leads to study of the unconscious mind
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3
Q

Unconscious mind

A
  • Reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
    • Higher mind= tip of iceberg= conscious
      • Thoughts we are aware of
    • Iceberg under water= unconscious mind
      • Sexual urges, largest driving factor
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4
Q

Methods of Psychoanalysis

A
  • Free association
  • Hypnosis
  • Dream Analysis
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5
Q

Free association

A
  • Individual freely responds to stimuli

- 1st thing that comes to mind w/ word or picture

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6
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • Way to get unconscious mind to forefront

- Doesn’t work

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7
Q

Dream analysis

A
  • Best method

- Have someone report dream and interpret them

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8
Q

Personality Structures

A
  • Concept about different elements involved in personality

- Id, Ego, Superego

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9
Q

Id

A
  • Part of mind, purely unconscious
  • Selfish
  • Driven by whatever happens in the present (Pleasure principle)
  • Motivated by aggressive, carnal tendencies
  • Part of personality that wants what it wants now (present oriented)
  • Impulsive (doesn’t think about consequences)
  • Truest self is what the Id wants
    • Most people= Id driven
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10
Q

Ego

A
  • Mediator
    • Contemplates what the Id wants, takes input from the superego, and makes a decision that is best for the real world
  • Operates on the reality principle
    • We live in the real word= consequences
    • Compromises (is there a way I can act this out?)
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11
Q

Superego

A
  • Ideal principle
  • All internalized values and ideals (uptight)
    • Sense of pride when we do what is right
  • Doesn’t listen to Id (always in conflict)
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12
Q

Id, ego, and superego at work

A
  • At work all the time
  • Ego= under constant stress (taking both sides)
    • All work done unconsciously
    • Decision= conscious
  • Some people= more id driven, superego driven, or balanced (ego)
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13
Q

Fixation

A
  • Experiences in each psychosexual stage shape development (determine adulthood)
    • Too much/too little gratification at a certain stage= some sexual energy becomes tied in that stage
  • Def: Partial or complete halt in the individual’s psychosexual development
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14
Q

Oral Stage

A
  • Birth–>18 months
  • Pleasure comes from sucking, biting, chewing, swallowing
    • Too much: overly optimistic, gullible, dependent adults
    • Too little: pessimistic, sarcastic, argumentative, hostile adults
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15
Q

Anal Stage

A
  • 18 months–> 3.5 years
  • Primary source of sexual pleasure shifts from mouth to anus
  • Toilet training occurs
    • Too strict= anal retentive
    • Obstinate, stingy, excessively orderly
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16
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • After age 3
  • Discovers genitals
  • Develop a preference for parent of opposite sex, jealous of same sex parent (Oedipus/Electra complex)
    • Resolved by identifying w/ same sex parent
      • Living through their parent and adopting their values
  • Fixation: vanity, egotism or low self-esteem, shyness, worthlessness
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17
Q

Phallic Stage Problems

A
  • Castration anxiety= fear of father’s actions for desiring mother
  • Penis envy= feeling of inferiority, anger at mother for her apparent cassation due to desiring father
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18
Q

Latency Period

A
  • Appears to have no interest in opposite sex
  • Ages 5/6–> 12/13
  • Boys hang with boys, girls with girls
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19
Q

Genital Stage

A
  • At puberty
  • Sexual impulses reawaken
  • Gratification–> mature sexuality, sense of responsibility, caring for others
  • How to relate to others, caring, empathy
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20
Q

Critics of Freud

A
  • Some say he is too male-centric
    • Developed theory with men in mind, added women as afterthought
  • Questions whether genders developed along same lines
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21
Q

Defense Mechanism

A
  • How ego protects against anxiety
  • Anxiety is the product of the inner war between id and superego
  • Allow the ego to reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
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22
Q

Repression

A
  • Banishes troublesome things from consciousness

- Repressed things seep out in dream symbols and slip of the tongue

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23
Q

Regression

A

-Retreats to an earlier, more infantile stage of development
Ex: 1st day of college–> want mom

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24
Q

Reaction Formation

A
  • Ego unconsciously switches impulses into their opposites
  • People may express feelings that are opposite of their anxiety- arousing unconscious feelings
  • Ex: I hate him–> I love him
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25
Stockholm Syndrome
- Phenomenon where kidnapped victim or hostage "falls in love" with the feared and hated person who has complete power over them - Ex of Reaction formation
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Projection
- Disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others - Ex: Projecting "he doesn't trust me" to "I don't trust him"
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Rationalization
- Unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions - Ex: alcoholics say they drink w/ friends to be sociable
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Displacement
- Diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable/ less threatening object or person, redirecting anger to safer outlet - Ex: angry at parent, take it out on sibling
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Denial
- People refuse to believe or perceive painful realities | - Ex: denying evidence that spouse is cheating on you
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NeoFreudians (How it agreed with Freud)
- Psychodynamic got it's start w/ this movement - Accepted Freud's basic ideas - Id, ego, superego= at work - Unconscious (anxiety, defense mechanisms) - Personality shaped by childhood
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NeoFreudians (How they differed from Freud)
- Emphasis on conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and in coping with the environment - Doubted that sex and aggression were all consuming motivation (too negative/ limiting)
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Alfred Adler
- Childhood social tensions are crucial for personality formation - Inferiority complex: behavior driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority - Strive for superiority and power - Neofreudian
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Karen Horney
- Emphasized childhood social tensions - Challenged Freud on the idea that women have weak superegos and suffer from penis envy (Freud= too male-centric) - Men have "womb envy" - Real self vs ideal self - Real personality= contact of the two - Created textbook: Feminine Psychology - Neofreudian
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Carl Jung
- Turned on Freud (disciple turned decenter) - Less emphasis on social influences - Unconscious exerts a powerful influence - Collective Unconscious: Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history - Explains why some themes (archetypes) are universal (Mother earth) - Neofreudian and Trait Theorist - Personality types: - Extraversion vs Introversion - Sensing or intuition - Thinking or feeling - Judging or Perceiving
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NeoFreudians/ Psychodynamic: How they assess unconscious processes
- Projective tests: personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics - Individual's response has to be interpreted by analyst - individual does not know their own personality, has to be interpreted for them - Ex: TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) - Story based on what u see - Rorschach Inkblot Test (What do you see?)
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Humanistic Psychology
- Psychological perspective - Potential of healthy people - How we meet our needs for love and acceptance
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Freud vs Humanistic Perspective
- Freud focused on sick and problems - Humanistic disagreed (called people clients) - Believed in self-determination, self-realization - Did self-reports of who you are instead of scientific observation
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Abraham Maslow
- Self-actualization: the motivation to fulfill one's full potential - Studied healthy, creation people (self-actualized individual's)
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Self-actualized people
- Shared traits - Self-aware, self-accepting - Open and spontaneous - Loving and caring - Ex: Lincoln, Ghandi, Roosevelt, Jefferson
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Carl Rogers
- People are inherently good - Like seeds - Need a growth promoting climate to grow well and good
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Growth Promoting Climate is...
- Genuine - Accepting - Empathetic
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Genuine
- Nurtures growth by: - Open w/ feelings - Transparent - Self-disclosing - Drops the façade
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Acceptance
- We nurture growth by: - Offering unconditional positive regard - An attitude of total acceptance toward another person (acknowledging persons worth and value) - Found in marriage, intimate friendships, close families
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Empathy
- We nurture growth by: | - Share and mirror another's feelings and reflect our meanings
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Self-Concept
- All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I" - Central feature of personality in Humanistic Perspective - Positive or negative self concept can lead to positive or negative world view respectively
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Humanistic Perspective Assessments
- Self-concept questionnaires - Ideal vs Real self - Interviews and conversations are better indicators - Standardized questionnaires are depersonalizing
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Trait
-Characteristic pattern of behavior, or a disposition to feel and act
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Allport
- Anti-psychoanalysis (Trait theorist) - Description over explanation - Counter trait-words in dictionary (over 18,000) - Wanted to find a way to talk about personality in a meaningful way (Factor Analysis)
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Factor Analysis
- A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test - Condenses clusters into basic, identifiable traits
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck
- Variation can be reduced to 2-3 dimensions - Believed dimensions to be genetically influenced - Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
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MBTI
- Based off Jung's types - Isabel Briggs Myers and Kathleen Briggs - 4 Dichotomies - Not used as a research instrument - Counseling, leadership training, team development
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MMPI
- Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory - Assess abnormal personality tendencies rather than normal personality traits - Good way of developing a personal inventory - Created by Starke Hathaway - Most widely used - Empirically derived - Large pool of items, selected those which different in diagnostic groups - Assessed 10 clinical scales (depressive tendencies, masculine/feminine etc) - True or false questions - Used in court cases and government jobs
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MMPI's Objectivity
- Scoring - Lie scales - Measures of way rest is instructed to incorporate people who lie - Ex: I never lie (true or false) answer= meaningless - Questions have difficult wording
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McCrae and Costa
The Big 5 1. Conscientious (organized?) 2. Agreeableness 3. Neuroticism (calm or no) 4. Open to experience (open or close minded) 5. Extraversion (introvert or extrovert) - Shows where we fall on 5 dimensions - Best approximation of basic trait dimensions
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Stability of the Big Five
- Quite stable through adulthood and universal - CA rise a bit during early/ middle adulthood (C- 20s, A 30-60s) - NOE lowers
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Biology and Personality
- Extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low - PET scan: frontal lobe (behavior inhibition)= les active in Extraverts than introverts - Dopamine and its related neural activity= higher in Extraverts - Genes define our personality - Shyness and inhibition in children= autonomic NS reactivity - Respond to stress w/ greater anxiety and inhibition
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Personality Inventories
- Longer questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors - Assess several traits and once - Ex: MMPI - Scored objectively (doesn't guarantee validity) - Lie scales
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How Heritable are the Big 5?
- Extent to which individual differences attributed to genes - Varies with the diversity of people studied - 50% in each dimension - Genetic influences are similar in different nations - Many genes combine to influence traits
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Do the Big 5 Predict our actual behavior?
- Yes - Examples: - Shy introverts are more likely than extroverts to prefer communicating by email than face to face - Conscientious people earn higher high school and university grades
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Person-Situation Controversy
- Our behavior is influenced by the interaction of our inner disposition with our environment - Look for persistent traits across time and situations - Traits stabilize as we get older - Interests, careers, and relationships may change - Traits= socially significant (influence health, thinking, job performance) - Behavior: WE DO NOT ACT WITH PREDICABLE CONSISTENCY - Mischel: college students conscientiousness= varied on occasion - Average happiness, outgoingness, or carelessness over many situations= predictable (Mehl: Extraverts talk more)
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Genetically influenced personality traits
- Music preferences - Bedroom and office cleanliness - Personal websites/ online profiles - Electronic communication
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Behavior and Social Cues
- Social cues needed in unfamiliar situations to know how to act - Informal situations: behavior is consistent
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Psychosexual Stages
- The childhood stages of development - Oral - Anal - Phallic - Latency - Genital - During which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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Oedipus Complex
-According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Identification
-The process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
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Psychodynamic Theories
- Modern-day approaches that view personality as a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences - Same as NeoFreudian psych
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up and ambitious scenes
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
- The most widely used projective test - A set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach - Seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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False Consensus Effect
-The tendency to over-estimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors
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Terror-Management Theory
- A theory of death-related anxiety | - Explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
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Empirically Derived Test
- A test (Such as MMPI) | - Developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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Social Cognitive Perspective
- Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social (situational) context - Personality= product of biopsychosocial system
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Reciprocal Determinism
- The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment - Ex: TV viewing habits (past behavior) influences viewing preferences (internal factor), which influences how TV (environmental factors) affect current behavior
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Reciprocal Determinism examples
1. Different people choose different environments - Choose dif activities based on interests, they shape u 2. Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events - How we deal with things 3. Our personalities help create situations to which we react - Self-fulfilling prophecy--> Expectations make things come true
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Biopsychosocial Approach in Personality
- Biology: - Genetically determined temperament - Autonomic NS reactivity - Brain activity - Psychology: - Learned responses - Unconscious thought processes - Expectations and Interpretations - Social-Cultural: - Childhood experiences - Influence of the situation - Cultural expectations * Shows that people= complex systems - Personality should reflect this
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Optimism vs Pessimism
- Can be a way to assess how helpless or effective you feel - Optimism= linked to higher health * ties into our locus of control
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Excessive Optimism
1. Blinds us to risks -Especially adolescents (false sense of invincibility) -Ex: texting and driving (accident won't happen to me) 2. Blind to incompetence -In order to judge properly our performance on a task, we need to be competent in it Ex: students who score the worst on tests believed they scored in the top half -Lack of competence-> inability to judge properly what we don't know -Why evaluation from others= crucial
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Self-Control
- The ability to control impulses and delay gratification * Marshmallow test - As a child predicts: - Good social adjustment - Better grades - Social success
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Benefits of Personal Control
-Under conditions of personal freedom and empowerment, people thrive Examples: -Ability to personalize workspace--> higher engagement in work -Citizens of democracies--> happier -Prisoners allowed to move furniture--> higher morale -Reason why tests have "pick 5 out of 10" -Do better because in control
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Too Much Control
- Sometimes we have too many options (excess of freedom) - Can be overwhelming/ think too much about finding an answer - Ex: people= more likely to buy jam when given 6 choices instead of 30
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Self
- In contemporary psych, assumed to be the center of personality - The organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Hazel Markus & Possible Selves
- The ideal selves we would like to become, we could become, and are afraid of becoming - Give us: - Specific goals - Motivation and energy - Dreams can lead to achievement
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Spotlight Effect
-Thomas Gilovich -Over-estimating others' noticing and evaluating of our appearance, performance, and blunders -Experiment: -Student wore embarrassing shirt in front of peers, estimated 50% of people would notice -23% noticed Makes us overestimate when people notice: -appearance -nerves, irritation, attraction -Variability -Noticeable blunder
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Self-Esteem
- One's feeling of high or low self-worth - Types: - Defensive - Secure
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Outcomes of High Self-Esteem
- Better sleep - Conform less - Persevere - Less shy, anxious, lonely - Happier - Predicts achievement - Employment, salary, job satisfaction
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Experimentation with Self-Esteem
- Deflate self-image, people become critical of others | - Heightened racial prejudice
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Self-Serving Bias
- Readiness to perceive oneself favorably - Success is due to internal factors, failure is due to external factors - Ex: People accept more responsibility for good deeds than bad - Professors see themselves as better than average (90%)
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Low Self-Esteem with a Self-Serving Bias
- Self-criticism: - Elicits reassurance - Preps for failure - Helps us learn from our mistakes - Pertains to old self
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Defensive Self-Esteem
- Fragile - Failures and criticisms feel threatening - Linked with aggression and antisocial behavior
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Secure Self-Esteem
- Studier - Doesn't rely on external evaluations - Achieved by looking beyond the self
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Behavioral Approach
- In personality theory | - Perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
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Positive Pyschology
- The scientific study of optimal human functioning | - Aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Self-Efficacy
-One's sense of competence and effectiveness
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Narcissism
-Excessive self-love and self-absorption
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Individualism
- Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals | - Defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Collectivism
-Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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Unconscious Mind Includes
- Seething passions and repressive censoring - Shemas (automatically control our perceptions and interpretations) - Priming of stimuli unconsciously - Right hemi activity that enables left hand to carry out instruction - Implicit memories, even in people with amnesia - Emotions that activate instantly - Self-concept and stereotypes that influence the way we see ourselves