Memory Part 2 Unit 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Concepts
A
- Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
- Way our mind understands things that have stuff in common, come up with a category for them
- Ex: Chairs–> types of chairs
2
Q
Concept Formation
A
- Definition
2. Prototype
3
Q
Definition
A
- Defining something
- Ex: Triangle–> has 3 sides, geometric shape
4
Q
Prototype
A
- Mental image or best example of a category
- Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
- Ex: typical idea of a bird= robin
5
Q
Problem Solving Strategies
A
- Trial and Error
- Algorithms
- Heuristics
- Insight
6
Q
Trial and Error
A
- Try out a few things and see what works
- ex: keys–> which one opens the lock (try the keys)
7
Q
Algorithms
A
- Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
- Ex: equations, recipes
8
Q
Heuristics
A
- Simple thinking strategy that often allows use to make judgements and solve problems efficiency
- Rule of thumb–> doesn’t always work
- Ex: want to know how many students go to Feehan, count how many people enter during the day
9
Q
Compare and Contrast of Trial and Error, Algorithms, and Heuristics
A
- Trial and error useful when only a few options
- Heuristics are speedier, yet more prone to error than algorithms
- Ex: searching entire house for keys or only the places they would most likely be
10
Q
Insight
A
- Sudden, and often novel, realization of the solution to a problem
- Cannot be employed
11
Q
Wolfgang Kohler
A
- Ex of insight
- Sultan could not get the banana with the short stick in the cage, but realized he could use the stick to get the longer stick, which could reach the banana
- Shows that animals have insight
12
Q
Obstacles to Problem Solving
A
- Confirmation Bias
- Mental Set
- Fixation
- Functional Fixedness
13
Q
How do we make decisions and form judgements?
A
- Representative Heuristic
- Availability Heuristic
- Overconfidence
- Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
- Framing
14
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
- A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence
- Tend to look for things that confirm our beliefs
- EX: Girl thinks boy is cute and nice, only sees him doing good, not bad
- Applied to problem solving: we have difficulty finding right answers when we look for evidence supporting an opinion
15
Q
Fixation
A
-The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
16
Q
Mental Set
A
- Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
- Ex: pushing a door when u are used to pushing, but it is a pull door
17
Q
Functional Fixedness
A
- The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function
- Impediment to problem solving
18
Q
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman
A
- Studied our nack for using heuristics
- Won a Nobel Prize
19
Q
Representativeness Heuristic
A
- Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
- May lead us to ignore other relevant information
- Ex: soft spoken, short man who likes poetry–> professor or truck driver
- We think professor but it is more likely that it is a truck driver
- Tend to make a lot of mistakes when we judge anything based on this
20
Q
Availability Heuristic
A
- Estimating the likely hood of events based on their availability in memory
- If instances come readily to mind (Perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
- Ex: more people are afraid of riding in planes that cars because more horrific plane crashes come to mind
21
Q
Overconfidence
A
- The tendency to be more confident than correct
- To over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
- Reason why we can believe very strongly in somethings and be wrong
- Ex: spelling tasks–> spell new words and rate confidence
- Correct 80% of time, but 100% confident in answers (20% overconfidence)
22
Q
Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
A
- Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- When we believe in something, difficult to change
- Ex: people who were for or against death penalty read articles on how death Pentax does and does not defer crime
- Are not swayed, but instead beliefs become stronger
23
Q
Framing
A
- The way an issue is posed
- Can significantly affect decisions and judgements
- Ex: medical procedure
- 80% chance of life vs 20% chance of death
- 80% makes them more likely to do the procedure than death
24
Q
Creativity
A
-The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
25
Creativity meets intelligence
- IQ above 120 seems to support creativity
| - Two types of thinking: convergent and divergent
26
Convergent Thinking
- Assessed by traditional IQ tests
- Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
- Left parietal lobe
27
Divergent Thinking
- Expands the number of possible problem solutions
- Creative thinking that diverges in different directions
- Frontal lobes
28
Sternberg
- 5 Components of Creativity
1. Expertise: know what you're talking about to get solution
2. Imaginative thinking skills
3. A venturesome personality: take risks and react to obstacles
4. Intrinsic motivation
5. A creative environment: able to go off in your own time
29
Language
-Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
30
Phoneme
- In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
- 40 in English, but 800 in existence
- We have the ability when born to acquire any type of language, goes away with age (why foreigners struggle with English)
- Ex: bat--> 3 phonemes (b, a, t)
- Ex: chat--> 3 phonemes (ch, a, t)
31
Morpheme
- In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
- Word or part of word (prefixes or endings)
- Some phonemes can be morphemes
- EX: I, A, s
- Ex: walked--> 2 morphemes (Ed and walk, past tense), walks--> 2 morphemes (s and walk, pluralized or doing)
32
Grammar
- In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate w/ and understand others
- Categories: semantics and syntax
33
Semantics
- The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
- The study of meaning
- EX: Park vs Parked
- By adding Ed, making it past tense and changing meaning
34
Syntax
- The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
- Order of words
- Ex: in English, adjectives go in front of nouns, in Spanish, nouns go before adjectives
35
Language Development
1. At birth: No language (cannot understand or communicate)
2. Receptive language: Comprehend speech but cannot communicate, discriminates speech sound vs no related sounds (4 months)
3. Productive Language: 1.Babbling, 2.one word stage, 3. Two word stage
4. 24 Months+: language develops rapidly into complete sentences
36
Babbling Stage
- Beginning at about 4 months
- The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
- Cannot tell from babbles when infant is from
- Becomes specialized at 10 months
37
One-Word Stage
- 1 to 2 years
- The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
- Ex: truck when sees truck, cat when sees cat
38
Two-Word Stage
- Beginning at age 2
- The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
- Called Telegraphic speech
39
Telegraphic Speech
- Early speech stage when a child speaks like a telegram
- Ex: "go car"
- Using mostly nouns and verbs
40
Aphasia
- Impairment of language
- usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
41
Linguistic Determinism
- Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
- Shape a person's basic ideas
- Too extreme
