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AP Psychology (Class) > Memory Part 2 Unit 7 > Flashcards

Memory Part 2 Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Concepts

A
  • Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
  • Way our mind understands things that have stuff in common, come up with a category for them
  • Ex: Chairs–> types of chairs
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2
Q

Concept Formation

A
  1. Definition

2. Prototype

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3
Q

Definition

A
  • Defining something

- Ex: Triangle–> has 3 sides, geometric shape

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4
Q

Prototype

A
  • Mental image or best example of a category
  • Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
  • Ex: typical idea of a bird= robin
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5
Q

Problem Solving Strategies

A
  1. Trial and Error
  2. Algorithms
  3. Heuristics
  4. Insight
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6
Q

Trial and Error

A
  • Try out a few things and see what works

- ex: keys–> which one opens the lock (try the keys)

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7
Q

Algorithms

A
  • Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
  • Ex: equations, recipes
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8
Q

Heuristics

A
  • Simple thinking strategy that often allows use to make judgements and solve problems efficiency
    • Rule of thumb–> doesn’t always work
    • Ex: want to know how many students go to Feehan, count how many people enter during the day
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9
Q

Compare and Contrast of Trial and Error, Algorithms, and Heuristics

A
  • Trial and error useful when only a few options
  • Heuristics are speedier, yet more prone to error than algorithms
    • Ex: searching entire house for keys or only the places they would most likely be
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10
Q

Insight

A
  • Sudden, and often novel, realization of the solution to a problem
  • Cannot be employed
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11
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A
  • Ex of insight
  • Sultan could not get the banana with the short stick in the cage, but realized he could use the stick to get the longer stick, which could reach the banana
  • Shows that animals have insight
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12
Q

Obstacles to Problem Solving

A
  • Confirmation Bias
  • Mental Set
  • Fixation
  • Functional Fixedness
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13
Q

How do we make decisions and form judgements?

A
  • Representative Heuristic
  • Availability Heuristic
  • Overconfidence
  • Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
  • Framing
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14
Q

Confirmation Bias

A
  • A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence
    • Tend to look for things that confirm our beliefs
  • EX: Girl thinks boy is cute and nice, only sees him doing good, not bad
  • Applied to problem solving: we have difficulty finding right answers when we look for evidence supporting an opinion
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15
Q

Fixation

A

-The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

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16
Q

Mental Set

A
  • Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
  • Ex: pushing a door when u are used to pushing, but it is a pull door
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17
Q

Functional Fixedness

A
  • The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function
  • Impediment to problem solving
18
Q

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman

A
  • Studied our nack for using heuristics

- Won a Nobel Prize

19
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A
  • Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
  • May lead us to ignore other relevant information
  • Ex: soft spoken, short man who likes poetry–> professor or truck driver
    • We think professor but it is more likely that it is a truck driver
    • Tend to make a lot of mistakes when we judge anything based on this
20
Q

Availability Heuristic

A
  • Estimating the likely hood of events based on their availability in memory
  • If instances come readily to mind (Perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
  • Ex: more people are afraid of riding in planes that cars because more horrific plane crashes come to mind
21
Q

Overconfidence

A
  • The tendency to be more confident than correct
  • To over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
  • Reason why we can believe very strongly in somethings and be wrong
  • Ex: spelling tasks–> spell new words and rate confidence
    • Correct 80% of time, but 100% confident in answers (20% overconfidence)
22
Q

Belief Perseverance Phenomenon

A
  • Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
    • When we believe in something, difficult to change
  • Ex: people who were for or against death penalty read articles on how death Pentax does and does not defer crime
    • Are not swayed, but instead beliefs become stronger
23
Q

Framing

A
  • The way an issue is posed
  • Can significantly affect decisions and judgements
  • Ex: medical procedure
    • 80% chance of life vs 20% chance of death
    • 80% makes them more likely to do the procedure than death
24
Q

Creativity

A

-The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

25
Q

Creativity meets intelligence

A
  • IQ above 120 seems to support creativity

- Two types of thinking: convergent and divergent

26
Q

Convergent Thinking

A
  • Assessed by traditional IQ tests
  • Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
  • Left parietal lobe
27
Q

Divergent Thinking

A
  • Expands the number of possible problem solutions
  • Creative thinking that diverges in different directions
  • Frontal lobes
28
Q

Sternberg

A
  • 5 Components of Creativity
    1. Expertise: know what you’re talking about to get solution
    2. Imaginative thinking skills
    3. A venturesome personality: take risks and react to obstacles
    4. Intrinsic motivation
    5. A creative environment: able to go off in your own time
29
Q

Language

A

-Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

30
Q

Phoneme

A
  • In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
  • 40 in English, but 800 in existence
  • We have the ability when born to acquire any type of language, goes away with age (why foreigners struggle with English)
  • Ex: bat–> 3 phonemes (b, a, t)
  • Ex: chat–> 3 phonemes (ch, a, t)
31
Q

Morpheme

A
  • In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
    • Word or part of word (prefixes or endings)
  • Some phonemes can be morphemes
    • EX: I, A, s
  • Ex: walked–> 2 morphemes (Ed and walk, past tense), walks–> 2 morphemes (s and walk, pluralized or doing)
32
Q

Grammar

A
  • In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate w/ and understand others
  • Categories: semantics and syntax
33
Q

Semantics

A
  • The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
  • The study of meaning
  • EX: Park vs Parked
    • By adding Ed, making it past tense and changing meaning
34
Q

Syntax

A
  • The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
  • Order of words
    • Ex: in English, adjectives go in front of nouns, in Spanish, nouns go before adjectives
35
Q

Language Development

A
  1. At birth: No language (cannot understand or communicate)
  2. Receptive language: Comprehend speech but cannot communicate, discriminates speech sound vs no related sounds (4 months)
  3. Productive Language: 1.Babbling, 2.one word stage, 3. Two word stage
  4. 24 Months+: language develops rapidly into complete sentences
36
Q

Babbling Stage

A
  • Beginning at about 4 months
  • The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
    • Cannot tell from babbles when infant is from
  • Becomes specialized at 10 months
37
Q

One-Word Stage

A
  • 1 to 2 years
  • The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
  • Ex: truck when sees truck, cat when sees cat
38
Q

Two-Word Stage

A
  • Beginning at age 2
  • The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
  • Called Telegraphic speech
39
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A
  • Early speech stage when a child speaks like a telegram
  • Ex: “go car”
  • Using mostly nouns and verbs
40
Q

Aphasia

A
  • Impairment of language
  • usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
41
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A
  • Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
  • Shape a person’s basic ideas
  • Too extreme

AP Psychology (Class) (21 decks)

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