unit 5 mid term Flashcards
What is the main energy source for most living things?
The sun
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
What does ATP do?
Carries energy for your body
What is ATP made of?
1 adenine, 1 ribose sugar, and 3 phospates
Where is energy in ATP stored?
bonds, mostly between the second and third phosphate
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
How is ADP formed?
ATP losses a phosphate group
How is energy released from ATP?
bonds between the second and thrid phosphate is broken and energy is released
Catabolism
chemical reactions where molecules are broken down
Anabolism
chemical reactions where molecules are built
Metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions in your body
Exergonic
reactions that release energy
Endergonic
reactions that require energy
phosphorylation
adding a phosphate group
Hydrolysis
breaking down a molecule by adding water
Chloroplast
organelles in plant cells that change energy from the sun into chemical energy
Chlorophyll
A green pigment in plants that helps a plant gather the sun’s energy
Thylakoids
Small sacs stacked on top of each other stores chorophyll
Gramun
stack of thylakoids
stroma
fluid that fills the chloroplast
photosynthesis formula
6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
stoma
opening on the underside of leaves that gas exchanges to happen
Where do light reactions occur?
In the thylakoids
What comes out of a light reaction?
oxygen
What goes into a light reaction?
water
What is ADP+P converted into during a light reaction?
ATP
What is NADP+ converted into during a light reaction
NADPH
What is NADPH?
a coenzyme that carries electrons
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur
in the stroma
What goes into the calvin Cycle?
Carbon dioxide
What comes out of the calvin cycle?
sugar
What is ATP converted into during the calvin cycle?
ADP+P
What is NADPH converted into during the calvin cycle?
NADP+
We express energy stored in food in what?
calories
What is the most calorie dense macromolecule?
fats
cellular respiration
the process where an organism uses oxygen and food to make energy
Where does ATP synthesis take place
the mitochondria
cellular respiration chemical formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Fermentation
a process that occurs when an organism does have enough oxygen but still needs to make ATP
How many ATP does fermentation make
2
What are the byproducts of fermentation
lactic acid, and alcohol during alcoholic fermentation
Aerobic
needs oxygen
Anaerobic
doesn’t need oxygen
What are the steps of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
Where does Glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm of the cell
What happen during Glycolysis?
Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules
what energy carrying molecules are produced during glycolysis?
ATP and NADH
how many ATP are produced during glycolysis?
2
Where does the kerbs cycle occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
what goes into the kerbs cycle?
pyruvate ( now Acetyl GoA)
what comes out of the kerbs cycle?
carbon dioxide
what energy carrying molecules are produced during the kerbs cycle?
ATP, NADH and FADH2
how many ATP are produced during the kerbs cycle?
2
where does the Electron transport chain take place?
along the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What powers the ETC?
NADH and FADH2 that were produced earlier
What goes into the ETC?
oxygen
What comes out of the ETC?
water
How many ATP are produced during the Electron transport chain
34
how many ATP are produced during cellular respiration?
38
How does the ETC work?
- NADH and FADH2 power protein pumps on the membrane
- Protein pumps pump protons (H+) into the inner membrane space, make a concentration gradient
- electorns flow through the pump and attach to O2 making H2O
- Chemiosmosis
Chemisomosis
protons want to move back into the matrix, but they can only flow through ATP synthesis, ATP synthesis harnesses their energy and make ATP.
What is Fermentation
the process of converting pyruvate into latic acid or alcohol ( repeats glycolysis over and over to make ATP)
- converts NADPH back into NAD+
- produces 2 ATP
