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Honors Biology > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleic acids

A

the macromolecule that holds genetic materical (DNA)
contains genes

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2
Q

genes

A

sections of dna that serves as instructions for making proteins

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3
Q

nucleotides
what is the structure and laber

A

makes up nucleic acids
three parts: sugar phosphate nitrogen base

sugar: deoxyribose, ribose
phosphate
nitrogen base: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA ONLY), Uracil (RNA only)
draw sgtructure

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4
Q

dna structure - bonds in dna

A

double helix: a twisted ladder shape
nitrogen bases bond in the middle with weak hydrogen bonds, all other bonds are covalent bonds

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5
Q

contemporary base rule

A

nitrogen bases bond only to their contemporary base pair
A&T
C&G

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6
Q

dna is _____

A

antiparallel
the strands run opposite directions

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7
Q

purines

A

A or G

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8
Q

pyrimidines

A

C AND T

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9
Q

deoxyribose is alway the __ end

A

3’

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10
Q

phosphate end is always the __ end

A

5’

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11
Q

RNA structure

A

single strand of nucleotides with exposes bases
A&U C&G

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

tightly coiled strands of DNA

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13
Q

why does a cell do DNA replication?

A

when a cell is ready to divide, it must first copy its DNA, so when the cell does divide the cells have the same amount of DNA and can be copied again

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14
Q

when and where does DNA rep happen

A

nuclues, S phase

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15
Q

steps of DNA rep

A

Helicase unzips the DNA at the origins of replication.

  • Primase creates short RNA primers for DNA polymerase to
    know where to start.

DNA Polymerase pairs complementary nucleotides and bind them according to the base-pairing rules (A-T and C-G), working in the 5’ to 3’ direction only (using the 3’ to 5’ strand as
the template).

the leading strand is made towards the replication fork, thus only needs 1 RNA primer to get started and can be made continuously.

the lagging strand is made away from the replication fork, thus needs multiple RNA primers and it creates okazaki fragments which are short pieces of DNA that r later joined together by DNA ligase

DNA Ligase then comes in to seal the gaps in DN

RNA primers r removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase. and it double checks everythign

Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an old Strand and New Strand

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16
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

The process of reading the instructions in DNA to make a polypeptide

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17
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of aminto acids thats can bind to others and fold into proteins

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18
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein
transcription, translation

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19
Q

transcription steps - Protein Synthesis

A

location: nucleus

  • RNA Polymerase binds to DNA promoter and unzips the gene that
    needs to be copied.
  • RNA Polymerase pairs nucleotides based on the RNA base pairing rules
    (A-U and C-G).
  • Release completed mRNA molecule.
  • DNA zips up and mRNA leaves the nucleus.
20
Q

what is dna’s purpose

A

to make proteins

21
Q

translation

A

This happens in ribosomes,

  • mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
  • Ribosome reads the mRNA codons, always in the 5’ to 3’ direction, starting at AUG.
  • tRNAs deliver amino acids based on the mRNA instructions.
  • Continues to drop of a.a. and the ribosome binds them together with peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached and the polypeptide chain is
    released.
22
Q

Post transcriptions modifications

A

Your transcription RNA splicing occurs which is when introns are removed and exons are spliced together which edits the gene.

A Gcap is added to a 5 Prime end which facilitates binding to a ribosome then poly a tail is added to the three prime end to help the mRNA leave the nucleus

23
Q

nucleic acids

A

The macromolecule that holds our genetic materia

24
Q

Nucleotide

A
  • The monomer of nucleic acids
25
Q

Chromosome

A
  • Tightly coiled strand of DNA that contains genes
26
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA (and thus of a chromosome) that has instructions to code for a protein

27
Q

RNA primer

A
  • Short piece of RNA used to help get the DNA polymerase
    started
28
Q
  • Okazaki fragments
A
  • Short pieces of DNA created from the discontinuous replication
    of the lagging strand
29
Q

Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast DNA
and RNA.

A

DNA-
* Deoxyribose
sugar
* Thymine
* Double helix
* Doesn’t leave
the nucleus

RNA-
* Ribose sugar
* Uracil
* Single strand
* Can leave the
nucleus and
go into
cytoplasm

Both-
* Made of
nucleotides
* Adenine,
Cytosine,
Guanine

30
Q

complementary base pairing rules

A
  • A always binds with T
  • C always binds with G
31
Q

Explain, in detail, the structure of a DNA molecule.

A
  • DNA is a double helix, a twisted ladder composed of two complementary strands that are antiparallel (one runs 3’ to 5’, the other 5’ to 3’).
  • The outside is composed of sugar and phosphate
    backbone held together by covalent bonds.
  • The inside rungs are nitrogen base pairs
    held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
32
Q

Why is DNA rep important?

A
  • This process is significant because it happens during the S phase of Interphase before the cell divides to ensure that each resulting daughter cell has all of the genetic information.
33
Q

Explain why DNA replication is considered to be
semi-conservative.

A
  • This is because each parent strand is used as a template for the new complementary strand

thus the end result is 2 identical DNA molecules that are half “old” and half “new”,

thus part of the molecule is “semi-conserved”.

34
Q

*Transcription

A

The process of copying DNA into a complementary strand
of mRNA that can carry the instructions out of the nucleus

35
Q

introns

A

Non-coding regions of mRNA that must be removed

36
Q

exons

A

Coding regions of mRNA that will be spliced together

37
Q

genetic code

A

Code of instructions for how to make proteins

38
Q

codon

A

A set of 3 nucleotides on mRNA

39
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary 3 nucleotides on tRNA

40
Q
  • Amino acid =
A
  • The monomer of proteins, linked together with peptide bonds to
    form a polypeptide
41
Q

translation

A
  • The process of interpreting the message on mRNA into a
    polypeptide to make a protein
42
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • The study of changes in gene expression that are heritable
43
Q

why is a two-step process
is necessary in order to make proteins.

A

DNA can’t leave the nucleus, and it holds the instructions for making proteins.
Thus a copy of it must be made that can leave the nucleus (mRNA during transcription).
Then those instructions can be translated to assemble the polypeptide chain (translation).

44
Q

transscription steps

A

location: nucleus

  • RNA Polymerase binds to DNA promoter and unzips the gene that
    needs to be copied.
  • RNA Polymerase pairs nucleotides based on the RNA base pairing rules
    (A-U and C-G).
  • Release completed mRNA molecule.
  • DNA zips up and mRNA leaves the nucleus.
45
Q

Describe an example of how gene expression is
regulated.

A
  • Regulatory proteins called transcription factors control
    gene activity by controlling the amount of transcription.
  • Repressors decrease transcription.
  • Activators increase transcription
46
Q

Explain the difference between epigenetics and
mutations.

A

Both are heritable, but mutations change the actual DNA
sequence, whereas epigenetics do NOT change the DNA
sequence, just how that DNA sequence gets expressed.

Honors Biology (29 decks)

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