Gene Test Concept 3 SG

Question 1

Diploid

Answer 1

2 full sets of chromosomes (2n); 1 set from mom, 1 set from
dad

Question 2

Haploid

Answer 2

1 full set of chromosomes (n); 1 set that is a combination of
chromosomes from mom and dad

Question 3

Karyotype

Answer 3

Diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the
chromosomes in a cell

Question 4

Meiosis

Answer 4

The process of cell division that makes gametes in the gonads
for sexual reproduction

Question 5

• Sexual reproduction

Answer 5

The fusing of genetic information (gametes) from two parents
to produce offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents

Question 6

*Fertilization

Answer 6

• The actual fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote

Question 7

*Homologous chromosomes

Answer 7

• Chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes (1
  from mom and 1 from dad)

Question 8

Sister chromatids

Answer 8

2 identical copies of the same chromosome

Question 9

Describe the difference between somatic cells and
gametes.

Answer 9

Somatic cells are body cells that are diploid, meaning
they have full copies of DNA (2 complete sets) in each
cell.
* Gametes are sex cells (egg and sperm) that are
haploid, meaning each cell only has half of the DNA (1
complete set).

Question 10

Differentiate between autosomes and sex
chromosomes.

Answer 10

• Autosomes are chromosomes that carry traits that make
  you who you are.
• Ex. In humans, chromosomes 1-44
• Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that specifically
  determine biological sex.
• Ex. In humans, chromosomes 45-46

Question 11

Explain why cells going through meiosis must divide
twice.

Answer 11

Because the purpose of meiosis is to make cells for sexual reproduction,
the resulting cells need to have half the amount of DNA,
since they will hopefully later fuse during fertilization to make offspring.

Question 12

what would happen if cells only divided once through meiosiss

Answer 12

• If the parent cell only divided once, the resulting cells would have
  the same amount of DNA as the parent cell, and thus the zygote
  would end up with way too much DNA.

Question 13

Differentiate between the purpose and results of meiosis
I and meiosis II.

Answer 13

• Meiosis I = purpose is to separate homologous chromosome
  pairs, so the result is 2 haploid cells that still have duplicated
  chromosomes (sister chromatids).
• Meiosis II = purpose is to separate sister chromatids, so the
  result is 4 haploid daughter cells with unduplicated
  chromosomes.

Question 14

Explain the significance of crossing over.

Answer 14

It creates new combinations of genes, with recombinant DNA
that is part mom and part dad.

Question 15

Summarize the key differences in purpose and
results of meiosis and mitosis.

Answer 15

• Meiosis = purpose is to make haploid gametes with half
  the amount of DNA for sexual reproduction.
• Mitosis = purpose is to make identical diploid body
  cells to the parent cell for growth and repair.

Question 16

Explain the difference between a mistake made
during meiosis and a mistake made during mitosis.

Answer 16

• A mistake made in meiosis would be passed on to
  potential offspring in an egg or sperm.
• A mistake made in mitosis would (most likely) only affect
  the parent and could result in cancer, or uncontrolled cell division.

Question 17

Identify a cell as haploid or diploid based on a
description or picture.

Answer 17

ask dr chapmen

Question 18

Predict a consequence for an error made during
one of the phases in meiosis.

Answer 18

ask

Question 19

somatic cells

Answer 19

body cells, these are diploid (2n)`

Question 20

what are blood cells, lung cells, and heart cells

Answer 20

somatic cells

Question 21

gametes

Answer 21

sex cells
these are haploid (n)

Question 22

what is eggs and sperms

Answer 22

gametes

Question 23

diploid cells

Answer 23

2 full sets of chromosomes
2n
a set from mom and a set from dad

Question 24

in human, somatic cells
each set (one from ___ and one from ___ ) is ____ pairs of chromosomes; this makes its diploid or 2n number ____

Answer 24

mom and dad, 23, 46

Question 25

haploid cells

Answer 25

1 full set of chromosomes
n
only one set and it is a combonation of chromosomes from mom and dad

Question 26

autosomes

Answer 26

a type of chromosomes that carries traits that make you who you are (the first of the 22 pairs of chromosomes in a cell)

Question 27

sex chromosomes

Answer 27

carry trait that make you who you and AND determined your biological sex
(the 23rd pair)

Question 28

what chromosome pair is the 23rd pair if male/female

Answer 28

male XY
female XX

Question 29

meiosis 1

Answer 29

prophase 1
- nuclear membrane breaks down
- Chromosomes match up with their homologous pairs.
- when they become lined together sometimes chromosomes cross over each other and get “tangled” they swap pieces of DNA to create new combinations of genes (chromomses that are part mom, part dad)

metaphase 1:
- homologous chromosomes are lines up in the middle of cell in pairs (M in metaphase stands for middle)

Anaphase 1:
- homologous chromosomes pairs separate one chromosome (2 sister chromatids) pulled away to each sides
- a in anaphase mans away

Telophase1:
- chromosomes gather at poles, nuclear membrane may reform
- cytokinesis: the cytoplasm divides into 2 cells

the result is 2 haploid daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes that are different from the sets in the original diploid cell.

Question 30

before meiosis 1, what happens?

Answer 30

interphase, the growth phase of the cell cycle
G1: cell grows and makes proteins
S Phase: DNA Replication doubling the number of chromosomes
G2 Phase: more cell growth and protein synthesis
at the end of interphase the cell has duplicated copies of every chromosome

Question 31

meiosis 2

Answer 31

prophase 2
-nuclear membrane breaks down
-spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

metaphase 2
-sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cells single file

anaphase 2
-sister chromatids separate and are pulled away from eachother to each sides of the cells

telophase 2
-nuclear membranes form aorund each set of chromosomes
- cytokenesis: cytoplasm divides each cell into a cell

end result: 4 halpid daughter cells that are genetically unique

Question 32

when does meiosis happen in males

Answer 32

throughout life (starts in puberty)

Question 33

when does meiosis happen in females

Answer 33

in the womb before you were born

Question 34

where does meiosis happen in females / men

Answer 34

ovaries and testes

Question 35

why is their meiosis

Answer 35

to make babies

Question 36

type of reproduction for meiosis/mitosis

Answer 36

MIT: asexual
MEI: sexual