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medical terminology > unit 3 (muscular system) - medical vocabulary > Flashcards

unit 3 (muscular system) - medical vocabulary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abdominal muscles

A

the muscles between the ribs and the pubic bone that flex and rotate the trunk

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2
Q

abduction

A

movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

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3
Q

adduction

A

movement of a body part toward the midline of the body

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4
Q

adhesion

A

normally, the formation of a fibrous band of tissue that holds two parts or surfaces together, as in the healing of a wound
disease -> formation of fibrous tissue that holds two surfaces together due to inflammation or trauma

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5
Q

agonist

A

the muscle that causes the primary movement in a muscle pair

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6
Q

analgesic

A

a drug that relieves pain - nonprescription (aspirin) and prescription (hydrocodone)

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7
Q

antagonist

A

the muscle that works against the movement of the agonist in a muscle pair

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8
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

a drug that reduces inflammation

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9
Q

anticholinergic

A

a drug prescribed to suppress smooth-muscle contractions of the bladder, stomach, or intestine

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10
Q

antispasmodic

A

a drug prescribed to suppress smooth-muscle contractions of the bladder, stomach, or intestine

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11
Q

ataxia

A

inability to coordinate voluntary muscle activity; characterized by shaky, unsteady movements

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12
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away or shrinking of muscle size

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13
Q

automaticity

A

the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed

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14
Q

biceps brachii

A

the muscle of the anterior upper arm that flexes the arm and forearm and supinates (rotates) the hand

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15
Q

biceps femoris

A

hamstring; the muscle of the posterior thigh that extends the thigh and flexes and rotates the leg

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16
Q

biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination

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17
Q

cardiac muscle

A

myocardial muscle; a type of voluntary muscle found only in the heart; pumps blood from the heart into blood vessels

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18
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

disorder marked by pain, burning, and itching or tingling due to an inflamed median nerve and tendons in the wrist

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19
Q

certified fitness trainer (CFT)

A

a professional who serves as a leader and instructor in exercise programs and helps people achieve and maintain a healthful lifestyle

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20
Q

circumduction

A

rotation of an arm or leg (drawing a circle with limb) - occurs in multiple body planes

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21
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

a process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles and then analyzed by a computer to identify injury or disease

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22
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT)

A

process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles

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23
Q

contractility

A

the ability of a skeletal muscle to contract (shorten)

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24
Q

contracture

A

permanent tightening of skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia

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25
Q

deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

A

evaluation of involuntary muscular responses with a reflex hammer

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26
Q

deltoid

A

the muscle of the external shoulder that abducts, flexes, extends, and rotates the arm

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27
Q

depression

A

lowering of a body part

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28
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement of the sole of the foot upward (flexed toward the lower leg)

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29
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

A

progressive disease that weakens the muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdle

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30
Q

dystaxia

A

a mild form of ataxia (lack of muscular coordination that produces shaky, unsteady movements)

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31
Q

elasticity

A

the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed

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32
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

a graphic recording of the contraction of a muscle as a result of electrical stimulation

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33
Q

elevation

A

raising of a body part

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34
Q

endomysium

A

a fine sheath of areolar connective tissue around each muscle fiber; the innermost layer of connective tissue around a muscle

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35
Q

epimysium

A

a dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle; the outermost layer of connective tissue around a muscle

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36
Q

eversion

A

the turning outward of the sole of the foot

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37
Q

excitability

A

irritability; the ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by contracting

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38
Q

exercise physiologist

A

a healthcare professional who performs exercise stress tests and evaluates a person’s physical condition, focusing on cardiovascular health and metabolism

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39
Q

extensibility

A

the ability of the skeletal muscles to be stretched

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40
Q

extension

A

the straightening of a limb after it has been flexed

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41
Q

fascia

A

fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles into functional groups and envelops other structures in the body

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42
Q

fasciitis

A

inflammation of the fascia

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43
Q

flaccidity

A

condition or state in which muscles are flabby, relaxed, or defective or absent tone

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44
Q

flexion

A

the movement of two body surfaces toward each other, as in the act of bending

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45
Q

frontalis

A

the muscle of the forehead that raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead

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46
Q

gastrocnemius

A

the prominent muscle of the posterior calf that flexes the foot and leg

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47
Q

gluteus maximus

A

the outer muscle of the buttocks that extends and rotates the thigh

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48
Q

gluteus medius

A

the medial muscles of the buttocks that adducts and rotates the thigh

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49
Q

goniometry

A

the measurement of range of motion in a joint

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50
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness or slight paralysis on one side of the body

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51
Q

hemiplegia

A

total paralysis on one side of the body

52
Q

hyperextension

A

the act of bending a joint or limb beyond normal extension or range of motion

53
Q

hypertrophy

A

excessive growth or abnormal enlargement of a muscle

54
Q

hypotonia

A

loss of muscle tone

55
Q

impingement syndrome

A

condition that occurs when tendons of the shoulder being impinged, or compressed, by the bones of the shoulder

56
Q

insertion

A

the attachment side of a muscle that moves during muscular contraction

57
Q

inversion

A

the turning inward of the sole of the foot

58
Q

involuntary muscles

A

muscles that are not stimulated to move through conscious control

59
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

rotational movement laterally, or away from the midline

60
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

the muscle of the midback and lower spine that extends, adducts, and rotates the arm

61
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle, such as that found in the heart, bladder, or uterus

62
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

63
Q

ligament

A

a fibrous cord of tissue that attaches bone to bone

64
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a noninvasive scanning test that involves use of an electromagnetic field and radio waves to visualize soft-tissue structures

65
Q

medial (internal) rotation

A

rotational movement medially, or toward the midline of the body

66
Q

muscle

A

a type of body tissue made up of bundles of fibers (long, slender cells) that are held together by connective tissue; contracts, causing body movements, when stimulated

67
Q

muscle fibers

A

long, slender cells grouped and held together with connective tissue and covered with fascia; make up skeletal muscles

68
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

genetic disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration

69
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

70
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

chronic autoimmune disease characterized by voluntary muscle weakness that worsens after activity and improves after rest

71
Q

myocele

A

herniation or protrusion of muscle through a tear in the fascia

72
Q

myodynia

A

muscle pain

73
Q

myolysis

A

degeneration or deterioration of muscle tissue

74
Q

myoma

A

tumor of the muscle

75
Q

myomalacia

A

abnormal softening of the muscle tissue

76
Q

myoparesis

A

weakness or mild muscular paralysis

77
Q

myoplasty

A

surgical repair of a muscle through plastic surgery

78
Q

myorrhexis

A

rupture or tearing of a muscle

79
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of a muscle

80
Q

narcotic

A

a drug that, in moderate doses, depresses the central nervous system, relieves pain, and induces sleep

81
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties; do not contain steroids

82
Q

nuclear medicine imaging (NMI)

A

diagnostic imaging technique in which a radioactive substance and a special camera are used to visualize structures and functions in the body

83
Q

origin

A

the attachment site of a muscle that does not move when the muscle contracts

84
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of both legs and, often, the lower trunk

85
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation that typically is not painful, such as tingling, numbness, itching, prickling, or burning

86
Q

pectoralis major

A

the muscle of the chest that flexes, adducts, and rotates the arm

87
Q

perimysium

A

a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles

88
Q

physical therapy

A

treatment to rehabilitate a patient by illness or injury

89
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation of the plantar fascia (the thick band of tissue in the sole of the foot between the heel bone and the toes) resulting in heel pain

90
Q

plantar flexion

A

motion of the plantar surface (sole of the foot) away from the midline of the body

91
Q

pronation

A

rotational movement of the forearm in which the palm moves to face downward

92
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities

93
Q

radiography

A

diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic waves to create images inside of the body

94
Q

range-of-motion (ROM) testing

A

diagnostic procedure performed to evaluate the extent to which joints can be moved in a variety of directions

95
Q

range-of-motion (ROM) therapy

A

exercises performed to improve or maintain joint mobility and flexibility

96
Q

rectus femoris

A

quadricep; the muscle of the anterior thigh that flexes the thigh and extends the leg

97
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor consisting of striated muscle that occurs on or in the smooth muscle of the heart

98
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)

A

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

99
Q

RICE

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation; most common first-aid treatment for muscular injuries

100
Q

rigidity

A

stiffness that occurs in dead bodies due to chemical changes in the muscles

101
Q

rigor

A

stiffness that occurs in dead bodies due to chemical changes in the muscles

102
Q

rotation

A

movement of a body part around its longitudinal axis (lengthwise)

103
Q

sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass, strength, and function as a result of aging

104
Q

sartorius

A

the muscle of the anterior thigh that flexes and rotates the thigh and flexes the leg

105
Q

shin splint

A

painful condition caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia

106
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated muscle; voluntary muscle that is attached to bone and can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control

107
Q

smooth muscle

A

visceral muscle; a type of involuntary muscle that surrounds internal organs and contracts and relaxes to move contents through body system passageways

108
Q

sonography

A

diagnostic imaging method involving the use of high-frequency sound waves to generate images of structures in the body

109
Q

spasm

A

involuntary sudden movement or convulsive muscular contraction

110
Q

sports medicine physician

A

a healthcare worker who treats and prevents sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

111
Q

sprain

A

the stretching or tearing of a ligament, which connects bone to bone

112
Q

strain

A

the stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon, the latter of which connects muscle to bone; also called a pulled muscle or pulled tendon

113
Q

supination

A

rotational movement of the forearm in which the palm moves to face upward

114
Q

tenalgia

A

pain in the tendon

115
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

116
Q

tendon

A

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

117
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

118
Q

tenodynia

A

pain in the tendon

119
Q

tenotomy

A

incision to the tendon, usually to repair a deformity caused by a shortened muscle

120
Q

tetany

A

a state of sustained muscular contraction

121
Q

tibialis anterior

A

the muscle of the anterior lower leg that dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

122
Q

trapezius

A

the muscle of the upper back and neck that extends the neck and elevates, adducts, and rotates the scapula

123
Q

tremor

A

an involuntary, repetitive shaking or quivering of a part or parts of the body

124
Q

triceps brachii

A

the muscle of the posterior upper arm that extends the forearm

125
Q

voluntary muscles

A

muscles that are stimulated to move through conscious control

medical terminology (27 decks)

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