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medical terminology > unit 14 (female reproductive) - medical vocabulary > Flashcards

unit 14 (female reproductive) - medical vocabulary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abdominal hysterectomy

A

the surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries through a large incision to the lower part of the abdomen

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2
Q

abortifacient

A

a drug that is used to terminate a pregnancy

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3
Q

abortion (AB)

A

the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus has reached the age of viability; can be spontaneous (as in miscarriage), but as a procedure, is induced

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4
Q

abruptio placentae

A

the premature detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall during pregnancy; can damage the fetus and lead to excessive blood loss in the mother

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5
Q

adipose

A

fat tissue

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6
Q

amniocentesis

A

t transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid; often performed to assess genetic or developmental conditions of the fetus

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7
Q

amnion

A

the inner sac that protects the fetus and contains the amniotic fluid

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8
Q

amniotic fluid

A

a clear fluid in which the embryo, and then the fetus, is suspended

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9
Q

areola

A

the darker-colored circle around the nipple

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10
Q

body

A

the center portion of the uterus, where a zygote implants into the uterine wall

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11
Q

breast cancer

A

a malignant tumor of the mammary gland; characterized by lumps in the breast

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12
Q

breast self-examination (BSE)

A

monthly visual and palpable breast checks done by a woman to assess for changes in the breasts; often used to check for lumps that may indicate breast cancer

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13
Q

breech birth

A

a term for the presentation of a baby with its buttocks first

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14
Q

candidiasis

A

an infection of the skin or mucous membrane caused by a species of Candida (yeast); usually localized in the vagina

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15
Q

certified nurse-midwife (CNM)

A

a registered nurse who has additional training in obstetrics and gynecology

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16
Q

cervical biopsy

A

the excision of a small piece of living cervical tissue for microscopic examination; used to make cervix-related diagnoses, such as for cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer

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17
Q

cervical cancer

A

a malignant tumor of the cervix and the second most common cancer in women; usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

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18
Q

cervical dysplasia

A

a condition of abnormal cell changes at the surface of the cervix; can lead to cervical cancer; often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

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19
Q

cervix

A

the lower portion of the uterus; also known as the neck

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20
Q

Cesarean section (CS or C-section)

A

delivery of the fetus from the mother’s body by an incision through the mother’s abdominal wall and uterus; is usually done when there are health concerns for the mother, the fetus, or both

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21
Q

chorion

A

the outer sac that protects the fetus and forms part of the placenta

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22
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

a prenatal test performed by removing a section of the chorionic villi to test for chromosomal defects in the fetus

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23
Q

cilia

A

hair-like projections that actively flex back and forth

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24
Q

clitoris

A

a small structure made of erectile tissue that is located at the anterior end of the vestibule

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25
Q

colostrum

A

a thin, yellow fluid that provides rich nutrition in the form of proteins, calories, antibodies, and lymphocytes that help to fortify the infant’s immune system

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26
Q

colporrhaphy

A

the surgical repair of the vaginal wall; may be done to treat a cystocele or rectocele

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27
Q

colposcopy

A

the visual examination of the vagina and cervix with a scope; involves selecting epithelial tissue samples for biopsy in patients with abnormal Pap test results

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28
Q

conception

A

the fusion of an egg and a sperm

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29
Q

conization

A

the excision of a cone-shaped section of diseased cervical tissue; often used to treat diseases of the cervix

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30
Q

contractions

A

labor pains that help move the fetus out of the uterus, into the vagina, and then out of the mother’s body

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31
Q

crowning

A

a term for the presentation of a baby with its head first

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32
Q

culdoscopy

A

the visual examination of the internal organs of the female pelvic cavity with a scope; often used to diagnose conditions such as ectopic pregnancy and salpingitis

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33
Q

cystocele

A

a hernia of the bladder that protrudes through the vaginal wall

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34
Q

delivery of the placenta

A

the third and final stage of labor, during which uterine contractions continue after the baby is born and facilitate expulsion of the placenta, also called the afterbirth

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35
Q

dilation

A

the process of the cervix opening

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36
Q

dilation and curettage (D&C)

A

a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and an instrument called a curette is used to remove tissue from the uterine wall; is used to diagnose uterine cancer, treat excessively heavy menstrual periods, remove tissue after a miscarriage, or perform an abortion

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37
Q

dilation and effacement

A

the first stage of labor, during which the uterine muscles exert strong contractions to expel the fetus

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38
Q

doula

A

a professional who has been trained and certified to assist a birthing family before, during, and immediately after the birth of the baby

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39
Q

eclampsia

A

a condition in which seizures occur in a pregnant woman with high blood pressure between the twentieth week of pregnancy and the first week postpartum (after childbirth); typically leads to coma, threatening the welfare of the mother and baby

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40
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

a complication of pregnancy in which the zygote implants outside the uterus (often in the fallopian tube); usually leads to termination of the pregnancy, and if left untreated, can threaten the life of the mother

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41
Q

effacement

A

the process of cervical thinning

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42
Q

electronic fetal monitoring

A

a procedure in which an electronic device or instrument is used to record the fetal heart rate (FHR) and rhythm; during labor, uterine contractions are also monitored

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43
Q

embryo

A

the developing human from the time of implantation to the end of the eighth week after conception

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44
Q

endometrial biopsy

A

the excision of a small piece of living tissue from the endometrium to test for abnormalities; can be used to help diagnose conditions such as uterine cancer and PCOS

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45
Q

endometrial cancer

A

a malignant cancer of the endometrium

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46
Q

endometriosis

A

a condition in which endometrial tissue develops outside of the uterus and in various sites throughout the pelvis or in the abdominal wall; characterized by pelvic pain, cramping, and sometimes infertility

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47
Q

endometrium

A

the innermost layer of the uterus, which is shed each month during menstruation

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48
Q

episiotomy

A

an incision made into the perineum, or the area between the vulva and anus, during the second stage of labor; is used to avoid tearing of the perineal structure during childbirth

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49
Q

estrogen

A

the female sex hormone that controls the development and maintenance of female characteristics

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50
Q

expulsion

A

the second stage of labor, which is the period between the complete dilation of the cervix and delivery of the fetus

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51
Q

fallopian tubes

A

two tubes that extend from the lateral ends of the ovaries to the top of the uterus

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52
Q

fertility drug

A

a medication that stimulates ovulation; used to increase fertility

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53
Q

fetus

A

a developing human from eight weeks after conception to birth

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54
Q

fibrocystic breast changes

A

a condition in which fibrous, noncancerous tumors develop in the mammary tissue, causing painful, lumpy breasts

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55
Q

fibroid tumor

A

a completely encapsulated, benign growth of fibers in the uterus that is sustained by a blood supply from nearby vessels; varies in size from as small as a few millimeters to large enough to fill the entire uterine cavity

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56
Q

fimbriae

A

finger-like projections located near the outer end of the fallopian tube

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57
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates ova production and the release of estrogen during menstruation

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58
Q

follicles

A

fluid-filled sacs that keep the ova safe until they mature

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59
Q

fraternal twins

A

babies that develop when two different ova are fertilized by two different sperm cells and the resulting embryos grow together in the womb; also known as dizygotic twins

60
Q

full term

A

a pregnancy that has lasted for 40 weeks

61
Q

fundus

A

the top of the uterus, where the fallopian tubes connect

62
Q

gestation

A

the period of human development and growth in the uterus from conception to birth; typically lasts 40 weeks

63
Q

greater vestibular glands

A

glands that are located on either side within the vaginal orifice and which secrete a mucus that lubricates the vaginal opening; also known as the Bartholin’s glands

64
Q

gynecologist

A

a medical specialist who focuses on the care of the female reproductive organs and the treatment of associated disorders

65
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

a condition in which the red blood cells (RBCs) of a newborn break down; occurs when antibodies from the mother attack the RBCs of the baby while it is still in the womb; also called erythroblastosis fetalis

66
Q

higher-multiple births

A

births that include 3 or more babies

67
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

artificial hormone replacement administered orally, intravenously, or topically using transdermal patches; used to correct hyposecretion of hormones, and often used in females to treat symptoms of menopause

68
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI); includes 40 different types of HPV that can cause genital warts and certain cancers

69
Q

hymen

A

a thin membrane that partially covers the opening of the vagina

70
Q

hysterectomy

A

the surgical removal of the uterus, often including the ovaries and fallopian tubes; used to treat endometrial cancer

71
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

a procedure in which radiographs (X-rays) are taken of the uterus and fallopian tubes after a radiopaque dye (one that does not allow the passage of X-rays) has been injected into the organs; is often used to diagnose blockages of the fallopian tubes

72
Q

identical twins

A

babies that develop when one ovum is fertilized by one sperm cell and the resulting zygote splits into two embryos that grow together in the uterus; also known as monozygotic twins

73
Q

infertility

A

the inability or diminished ability to conceive or produce offspring

74
Q

labia

A

a pair of skin folds or “lips” that protect the vulva, vagina, and urethra from infections

75
Q

labia majora

A

the outer folds of the labia

76
Q

labia minora

A

the inner folds of the labia

77
Q

labor

A

the process by which a baby moves out of the mother’s body

78
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

ducts in the breasts that carry the milk to the nipples

79
Q

laparoscopic hysterectomy

A

a minimally invasive surgical technique that allows the uterus to be removed without a large incision

80
Q

lobes

A

small structural subdivisions included within the mammary glands

81
Q

lobules

A

smaller glands within the lobes that are able to produce milk for a newborn

82
Q

lumpectomy

A

a surgical procedure to remove a tumor or other abnormal tissue of the breast, along with a small amount of normal tissue around the tumor to ensure that all the cancerous or diseased tissue has been removed

83
Q

luteinizing-hormone (LH)

A

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that plays a role in ova production and regulation of the menstrual cycle

84
Q

mammary glands

A

the glands in the breasts that produce colostrum and milk after childbirth

85
Q

mammography

A

the radiographic examination of the breasts to detect cancerous tumors; an X-ray image of the breast is called a mammogram

86
Q

mammoplasty

A

surgical repair of the breast; often used for reconstruction of the breast, reduction, or augmentation

87
Q

mastalgia

A

pain in the breast; may signal a non cancerous breast condition; also called mastodynia

88
Q

mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the breast; is used in cases where breast tissue is diseased

89
Q

meconium aspiration syndrome

A

a condition in which meconium is passed by an infant in utero and then penetrates the amniotic fluid and is aspirated by the baby

90
Q

medical abortion

A

the use of medications to terminate a pregnancy; also called a therapeutic abortion

91
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

the irregular or excessive bleeding during menstruation and between menstrual periods; may lead to anemia

92
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive heavy menstrual bleeding; may lead to anemia

93
Q

menses

A

the menstrual period

94
Q

menstruation

A

the monthly shedding of the innermost layers of the uterus

95
Q

miscarriage

A

the spontaneous loss of a fetus before it is viable (capable of living outside the mother’s womb); commonly refers to expulsion of the fetus before the twentieth week of pregnancy; also called spontaneous abortion

96
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the breast tissue and some of the lymph nodes beneath the arm

97
Q

mons pubis

A

the area where the pubic hair begins to grow during puberty

98
Q

myometrium

A

the thick, middle, muscular layer of the uterus

99
Q

nipple

A

the external structure of the breast

100
Q

obstetrician

A

a medical specialist who provides healthcare for a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period

101
Q

obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN)

A

a physician who practices obstetrics and gynecology

102
Q

oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)

A

medication that prevents ovulation and conception through low doses of the hormones estrogen and progestin

103
Q

ova

A

the female sex cells

104
Q

ovarian cancer

A

a cancerous tumor of the ovaries; is typically asymptomatic in the early stages

105
Q

ovarian cyst

A

an abnormal, fluid-filled sac or pouch in the ovary; may cause pelvic pain, irregular menstruation, vaginal bleeding, and nausea or vomiting

106
Q

ovaries

A

two oval-shaped organs that are located near the posterior portion of the right and left pelvic cavity and are filled with millions of ova

107
Q

ovulation

A

the process during which an ovum is released from one of the ovaries and enters one of the fallopian tubes, where it may be fertilized by a sperm

108
Q

oxytocin

A

a natural hormone administered to stimulate labor or facilitate contractions; also stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk for breastfeeding

109
Q

Pap test

A

a screening exam used to detect the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix or vagina; also called the Papanicolaou test or, more commonly, Pap smear

110
Q

pelvic examination

A

the manual and visual examination of the external and internal female organs during a regular health checkup

111
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

inflammation of the female reproductive organs resulting from infection

112
Q

pelvic ultrasonography

A

the use of ultrasonic (high-frequency) sound waves to produce an image of the organs and structures in the female pelvic cavity

113
Q

perimetrium

A

the outermost, membranous layer of the uterus

114
Q

placenta

A

a spongy, blood-filled organ that forms near the fetus on the endometrium of the uterus and connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord

115
Q

placenta previa

A

a complication of pregnancy in which the placenta implants at the lower end of the uterus, obstructing the neck of the uterus and complicating delivery of the baby

116
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A

a common hormonal disorder that may be characterized by an abnormal menstrual cycle, excessive facial or body hair, and numerous tiny cysts in the ovaries

117
Q

preeclampsia

A

a toxemia of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, headaches, albuminuria, and edema of the lower extremities

118
Q

pregnancy

A

the phase between conception and delivery

119
Q

pregnancy test

A

a chemical test used to determine whether or not human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy, is present in the urine; performed in a physician’s office or with a home-testing kit

120
Q

premature

A

a term for a birth in which the infant is born before 37 weeks of gestation

121
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

a group of symptoms that occur several days prior to the onset of menstruation; characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: irritability, emotional tension, anxiety, mood changes, depression, headache, breast tenderness with or without swelling, and water retention

122
Q

progesterone

A

a hormone produced by the ovaries in women to help regulate the menstrual cycle and promote breast development in puberty

123
Q

prolapsed uterus

A

the downward displacement of the uterus, which causes the uterus to protrude into or out of the vagina

124
Q

pseudocyesis

A

a psychosomatic condition in which a female believes she is pregnant and may experience some symptoms of pregnancy, but is not pregnant; also known as a false pregnancy

125
Q

puberty

A

the phase of development during which the sexual organs mature

126
Q

pyosalpinx

A

a condition in which the fallopian tubes are filled with pus; often a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

127
Q

radical hysterectomy

A

the surgical removal of the uterus, cervix, upper part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues and lymph nodes

128
Q

radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast tissue, chest muscles, and lymph nodes; performed in rare cases as a treatment for breast cancer

129
Q

rectocele

A

herniation of the anterior wall of the large intestine (rectum) through the posterior vaginal wall; also called rectal prolapse

130
Q

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

diseases spread through sexual contact; may result in PID and can permanently scar female reproductive organs

131
Q

simple mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast tissue with no disturbance of the lymph nodes

132
Q

stillbirth

A

the death and delivery of a fetus after the twentieth week of pregnancy; may be due to a number of maternal or fetal diseases or conditions

133
Q

surgical abortion

A

the termination of a pregnancy through a surgical procedure

134
Q

total abdominal hysterectomy

A

the surgical removal of the uterus and the cervix

135
Q

total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy (TAH-BSO)

A

the surgical removal of the cervix, uterus, both ovaries, and both fallopian tubes

136
Q

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

A

a severe bacterial infection characterized by high fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and organ failure; has been associated with the prolonged use of superabsorbent tampons

137
Q

trimester

A

a period of three months

138
Q

tubal ligation

A

the surgical “tying off” of the fallopian tubes to prevent conception; a permanent method of birth control

139
Q

ultrasound technician

A

an allied health professional who is trained to operate the sonography equipment; also known as a diagnostic medical sonographer

140
Q

umbilical cord

A

a cord that passes nutrients from the mother’s placenta to the fetus during pregnancy

141
Q

urethral orifice

A

the urinary opening

142
Q

uterus

A

a hollow, muscular organ located between the bladder and the rectum

143
Q

vagina

A

a tube-shaped structure lined with a mucous membrane that is located beneath the opening to the cervix; the menstrual period flows through this structure, this structure receives sperm during intercourse, and it serves as the birth canal

144
Q

vaginal orifice

A

the vaginal opening

145
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina; may be caused by yeast, bacteria, trichomoniasis, or low estrogen levels during menopause

146
Q

vestibule

A

the area beneath the labia that includes the urethral orifice and vaginal orifice

147
Q

vulva

A

the female external genitalia

medical terminology (27 decks)

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