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medical terminology > unit 2 (skeletal system) - medical vocabulary > Flashcards

unit 2 (skeletal system) - medical vocabulary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

joints that are slightly movable; include the ribs and the pelvis

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2
Q

amputation

A

removal of a limb; usually surgical

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3
Q

analgesic

A

drug that relieves pain

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4
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

a form of rheumatoid arthritis characterized by inflammation of vertebral joints, which can become fused and stiff; also known as rheumatoid arthritis of the spine

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5
Q

ankylosis

A

a stiff joint caused by adhesion, or abnormal fusion of two bones into one

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6
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

agent that counteracts inflammation

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7
Q

antipyretic

A

agent that reduces fever

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8
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones in the appendages of the body, as well as the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton

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9
Q

arthralgia

A

pain in a joint or joints

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10
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of joints; usually accompanied by pain and, frequently, structural changes in bone and cartilage

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11
Q

arthrocentesis

A

structural puncture of the joint space with a needle to remove accumulated fluid

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12
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical immobilization of a joint

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13
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of a joint

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14
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joint using a scope

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15
Q

axial skeleton

A

the bones along the axis, or central line, of the human body

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16
Q

body

A

the middle part of the sternum between the manubrium and the xiphoid process

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17
Q

bone density test

A

X-ray test that determines loss of, or changes in, bone density; is used to diagnose diseases such as osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and osteopenia, also called bone densitometry

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18
Q

bone depression

A

an opening or hollow region in the surface of a bone at which one bone articulates with another to form a joint

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19
Q

bone grafting

A

process of transplanting and implanting tissue from one part of the body to another; used to repair a defect or injury

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20
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

process involving the use of a syringe and needle to withdraw bone marrow liquid

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21
Q

bone processes

A

areas on bone that extend outward and serve as attachment zones for muscles and tendons

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22
Q

bone scan

A

a nuclear scanning test that identifies bone fractures, tumors, or infections

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23
Q

bunion

A

joint swelling at the base of the great toe, caused by inflammation of the bursa

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24
Q

bursa sac

A

a sac that contains synovial fluid in ball-and-socket and hinge joints

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25
Q

bursectomy

A

surgical removal of the bursa

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26
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa, usually between bony protrusions and muscle or tendon

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27
Q

calcaneus

A

the largest tarsal bone; also called the heelbone

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28
Q

cancellous bone

A

a type of bone that is much more porous and much less dense than compact bone; also called trabecular bone or spongy bone

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29
Q

carpals

A

the bones that make up the wrist

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30
Q

cast

A

solid mold of a body part, used to immobilize fractures or dislocations

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31
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

the seven vertebral bone segments that make up the neck region of the spine; also called the C-spine

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32
Q

chiropractors

A

healthcare professionals who treat illness and injury of the neuromusculoskeletal system

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33
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of the cartilage

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34
Q

clavicle

A

the bone of the shoulder girdle that forms the collarbone

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35
Q

closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF)

A

external manipulation to restore a fractured bone to normal position

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36
Q

coccyx

A

the vertebral bone that is formed when the four coccygeal vertebrae fuse together to become one; also known as the tailbone

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37
Q

Colles fracture

A

a fracture of the distal radius (bone on the thumb side of the forearm) that results from a fall onto an outstretched hand

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38
Q

comminuted fracture

A

a bone that has been splintered or has been crushed

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39
Q

compound fracture

A

a broken bone with an open wound leading to the site of the fracture, or bone that protrudes through the skin; also called an open fracture

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40
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

a process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles and then analyzed by a computerr to identify injury or disease; also known as computerized tomography

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41
Q

condyle

A

a rounded-knuckle process at a joint

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42
Q

cortical bone

A

a type of bone that is very dense, hard, and strong; also called compact bone

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43
Q

costals

A

the twelve pairs of ribs that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

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44
Q

cranium

A

the bones of the skull that protect the brain

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45
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone

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46
Q

diarthroses

A

joints that are freely movable; include ball-and-socket, hinge gliding, pivot, condylar, and saddle joints

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47
Q

diskectomy

A

surgical removal or herniated (raptured) vertebral disk

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48
Q

dislocation

A

total displacement of a bone from its joint; also called luxation

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49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

an area of cartilage tissue in long bones that is consistently being replaced by new, bone tissue as the bone grows; also known as the epiphyseal line or growth plate

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50
Q

epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone

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51
Q

ethmoid bone

A

the cranial bone that forms part of the nose, eye socket, and floor of the cranium

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52
Q

false ribs

A

four pairs of ribs that indirectly attach to the sternum by connecting with the cartilage of the ribs above them

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53
Q

femur

A

the upper leg bone and the longest bone in the human body; also called the thighbone

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54
Q

fibula

A

the smaller of the two lower leg bones that is located laterally to the tibia

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55
Q

fissure

A

a deep, narrow, slit-like opening in a bone

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56
Q

flat bones

A

bones that protect vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment

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57
Q

floating ribs

A

the two pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae, not to the sternum or to the costal cartilage

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58
Q

fontanels

A

soft spots between the cranial bones where cranial bones are not completely joined; usually found in newborns

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59
Q

foramen

A

a passageway within a bone for blood vessels and nerves

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60
Q

fossa

A

a commonly seen shallow pit or cavity in or on a bone

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61
Q

fracture

A

a break in a bone

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62
Q

frontal bone

A

the cranial bone that forms the forehead

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63
Q

gout (gowt)

A

form of arthritis in which uric acid builds up in the blood and causes joint swelling and pain; also called gouty arthritis

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64
Q

greenstick fracture

A

an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and partially broken

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65
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells in the bone marrow

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66
Q

herniated disk

A

an intervertebral disk that has slipped or ruptured

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67
Q

humerus

A

the upper arm bone

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68
Q

ilium

A

the broad, blade-shaped bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the upper part of each side of the pelvis

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69
Q

intervertebral disks

A

pieces of cartilage that lie between most vertebrae, act as shock absorbers, and allow for movement of the spinal column

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70
Q

irregular bones

A

bones that have an unusual or complex shape and that provide both support and protection yet allow flexible movement

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71
Q

ischium

A

the bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the posterior part of the pelvic bone

72
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal, outward curvature of the thoracic spine; humpback; called Dowager’s hump in older women

73
Q

lacrimal bones

A

the facial bones that make up part of the eye socket; contain channels through which tears flow

74
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous cords of tissue that attach bone to bone

75
Q

long bones

A

bones found in the extremities of the skeleton

76
Q

longitudinal fracture

A

a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

77
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal, forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also called swayback

78
Q

lumbago

A

pain in the lower back (lumbar) region

79
Q

lumbar puncture

A

spinal tap; needle aspiration of spinal canal fluid in the lumbar area

80
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

the five vertebral bone segments that make up the lower back and are the strongest and largest vertebrae (L-spine)

81
Q

magnetic resonance images (MRI)

A

a noninvasive scanning test that involves use of an electromagnetic field and radio waves to visualize soft-tissue structures

82
Q

mandible

A

the facial bone that forms the lower jawbone; is also the only facial bone capable of movement

83
Q

manubrium

A

the uppermost part of the sternum

83
Q

manubrium

A

the uppermost part of the sternum

84
Q

maxillary bones

A

the facial bones that form the upper jawbone

85
Q

medullary cavity

A

the hollow center of cortical bone that contains yellow bone marrow composed chiefly of fat cells

86
Q

metacarpals

A

the bones that make up the hand

87
Q

metatarsals

A

the bones that make up the foot

88
Q

myeloma

A

cancer of the plasma cells (a type of white blood cells) that originates in the bone marrow

89
Q

narcotic

A

drug that relieves pain and induces sleep by depressing the central nervous system

90
Q

nasal bones

A

the facial bones that form the bridge of the nose

91
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

agent that relieves pain, counteracts inflammation, and reduces fever; commonly used to treat arthritis

92
Q

oblique fracture

A

a break across the bone at an angle

93
Q

occipital bones

A

the cranial bones that form the posterior floor and walls of the cranium

94
Q

open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)

A

surgical procedure involving the use of steel rods, plates, or screws to realign a severe bone fracture to normal position

95
Q

orthopedic surgeons

A

physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders, sports injuries, arthritis, and fractures

96
Q

orthosis

A

straightening or correction of bone deformity

97
Q

ostealgia

A

pain in the bone

98
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of the bone

99
Q

osteoarthritis

A

joint disease that mostly affects cartilage between the bone and joint; also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD)

100
Q

osteochondroma

A

tumor or bony projection that covers cartilage

101
Q

osteoma

A

tumor of the bone

102
Q

osteomalacia

A

abnormal softening of the bone; also known as rickets in the children

103
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

104
Q

osteopenia

A

bone deficiency; in a young person, less-than-average bone density

105
Q

osteoplasty

A

surgical correction of the bone

106
Q

osteoporosis

A

condition of small holes in the bones; noticeable loss of bone density

106
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue and affects the bone

107
Q

osteotomy

A

incision through the bone

108
Q

ostitis

A

inflammation of the bone

109
Q

Paget’s disease

A

excessive breakdown of bone and abnormal, enlarged bone formation; also known as osteitis deformans

110
Q

palatine bone

A

the facial bone that forms the posterior part of the hard palate in the mouth

111
Q

parietal bones

A

the cranial bones that form the roof and upper sides of the cranium

112
Q

patella

A

the bone that forms the anterior part of the knee; also called the kneecap

113
Q

pathologic fracture

A

a fracture resulting from pressure on weakened bone

114
Q

pelvic girdle

A

the bones that support attachment of the lower extremities to the axial skeleton; includes the ischium, illium, and pubis

115
Q

periosteum

A

the outer membrane of a bone

116
Q

periostitis

A

inflammation of the periosteum, the covering that surrounds the bone

117
Q

phalanges

A

the finger and toe bones; include the proximal, medial, and distal phalanges

118
Q

physical therapists (PTs)

A

healthcare professionals who work with a patient’s doctor to develop a plan for restoring and maintaining the patient’s maximum movement and functional ability

119
Q

physical therapy

A

rehabilitation that focuses on restoring physical function and preventing disability

120
Q

prosthesis

A

artificial replacement for a missing body part, such as an extremity (arm or leg)

121
Q

prosthetist

A

a person who measures, designs, fabricates, fits, and services a prosthesis (prahs-THEE-sis), or artificial limb

122
Q

pubis

A

the bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the anterior part of the pelvic bone

123
Q

radiologic technologists

A

healthcare professionals who perform diagnostic imaging (X-rays) of the body for diagnosis or treatment of health conditions

124
Q

radius

A

the small bone found on the thumb side of the forearm

125
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

a chronic, systemic disease characterized by inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints; results in crippling deformities

126
Q

rheumatoid factor (RF)

A

a blood test performed to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis

127
Q

sacrum

A

the slightly curved, triangular-shaped vertebral bone composed of five segments that gradually fuse together to become one; also called the S-spine

128
Q

scapula

A

the bone of the shoulder girdle that forms the shoulder blade

129
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal, lateral curvature of the spine

130
Q

sequestrum

A

bone tissue death that occurs when the bone has become sequestered, or seperated, from the healthy tissue around it, due to lack of blood supply

131
Q

sesamoid bones

A

bones that are embedded in tendons and that facilitate joint movement; are found in the patella, hands, wrists, and feet

132
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped, spongy bones located in the hands and feet

133
Q

shoulder girdle

A

the bones that support attachment of the upper extremities to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle, sternum, and scapula

134
Q

simple fracture

A

a broken bone that does not penetrate the skin; also called a closed fracture

135
Q

sinus

A

a hollow cavity within a bone

136
Q

skull

A

the skeletal structure that contains the cranial and facial bones

137
Q

sphenoid bone

A

the cranial bone that forms part of the base of the skull and the floor and sides of the eye sockets

138
Q

spina bifida

A

split spine; congenital defect in which part of the membrane covering the spinal cord protrudes through a gap in the spine

139
Q

spinal curvatures

A

abnormal curvatures of the spine

140
Q

spiral fracture

A

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

141
Q

splint

A

an appliance made of bone, wood, metal, or plaster of Paris; used for fixation of an injured body part

142
Q

spondylosis

A

stiffening of the spine; also called spinal osteoarthritis

143
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

surgical fusion of joints (ankylosis) between vertebrae; also called spinal fusion

144
Q

sprain

A

trauma to the ligaments surrounding a joint, causing pain and, in some cases, disability

145
Q

sternum

A

the thoracic bone that forms the breastbone and serves as the anterior attachment for the ribs; is a part of the shoulder girdle

146
Q

stress fracture

A

a small crack in bone resulting from chronic, excessive impact

147
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a bone from its joint

148
Q

sulcus

A

a groove or furrow in a bone

149
Q

sutures

A

immovable joints at which cranial bones attach to each other

150
Q

synarthroses

A

joints that are immovable; for example, the cranium

151
Q

synovial joints

A

ball-and-socket and hinge joints that contain membranes that secrete synovial fluid

152
Q

talipes

A

congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (anklebone); also called clubfoot

153
Q

tarsals

A

the bones that make up the ankle

154
Q

temporal bones

A

the cranial bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

155
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

156
Q

tendon

A

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

157
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

158
Q

tenotomy

A

incision to, or cutting of, a tendon

159
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

the twelve vertebral bone segments that serve as the posterior attachment for the ribs; also called the T-spine (T1-T12)

160
Q

thorax

A

the skeletal structure that makes up the rib cage, containing the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

161
Q

tibia

A

the larger, medially located lower leg bone; also called the shinbone

162
Q

traction

A

application of a pulling force to align a dislocated part of the body

163
Q

transverse fracture

A

a fracture that runs straight across the bone, at a right angle to the long axis

164
Q

trochanter

A

one of two large processes found on the femur, or thigh bone

165
Q

true ribs

A

the three pairs of ribs that attach anteriorly to the costal cartilage; also called fixed ribs

166
Q

tubercle

A

a small round process found on many bones

167
Q

tuberosity

A

a large, rough process found on many bones

168
Q

ulna

A

the large forearm bone, the proximal end of which forms the elbow

169
Q

vertebral column

A

26 bone segments arranged in 5 sections that surround and protect the delicate spinal cord; also called the spine

170
Q

vomer bone

A

the facial bone that divides the left and right cavities of the nose; also called the septum

171
Q

X-ray

A

radiographic image used to diagnose skeletal changes in the body

172
Q

xiphoid process

A

the lowermost part of the sternum

173
Q

zygomatic bones

A

the facial bones that form the cheekbones

medical terminology (27 decks)

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