Unit 1.5b Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can living organisms reproduce?

A

Because our cells can divide

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2
Q

How long does it take prokaryotes, like bacteria, to divide?

A

It can be as short as 20 minutes

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3
Q

How long does it take eukaryotes to divide?

A

On average, it takes around 24 hours

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4
Q

Why does it take so long for eukaryotes to divide in comparison to prokaryotes?

A

Because they go through the cell cycle, which is more complex

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5
Q

Why is the cell cycle complex in comparison to other ways cells divide?

A

It’s more complex due to organelles and the cell having lots of chromosomes containing DNA and proteins

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6
Q

What is the complex containing DNA and proteins in chromosomes called?

A

Chromatin

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7
Q

Why is cell division important in multicellular organisms?

A

It allows cells to grow and replace dead cells, which therefore repairs damaged tissues

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8
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

It’s to process in which a cell goes through to duplicate its content

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9
Q

What is the product of the cell cycle?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells

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10
Q

Do all cells need to be replicated at the same rate?

A

No, some cells will be replicated more often than others due to the need for being replaced and some will never replicate

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11
Q

Why do some cells never divide?

A

Some cells never divide as they are so specialised

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12
Q

What causes cells in the liver to divide?

A

They must be stimulated

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13
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated?

A

Cell cycle is regulated by control system which responds to intra an extra cellular signals

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14
Q

What would happen if the rate of the cell cycle is altered?

A

There would be serious consequences

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15
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

It’s a normal gene often involved in the control of cell growth and division

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16
Q

What is formed when a proto-oncogene mutates?

A

A tumour-promoting oncogene is formed

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17
Q

What do tumour promoting oncogenes cause?

A

They cause the cell to divide in an uncontrolled and unregulated manner

18
Q

What is the result of an uncontrolled increase in the cell cycle?

A

Tumour formation, as without regulation, the cells are not recognised and attacked by the immune system which leads to cancer

19
Q

What is the result of an uncontrolled reduction in the cell cycle?

A

Degenerative diseases as neurons re-enter the cell cycle, but cannot complete it which means the cell will die

20
Q

What are the two main phases the cell cycle is broken into?

A

The interphase and the mitotic (M) phase

21
Q

What happens during the interphase?

A

Cell growth and DNA replication

22
Q

What occurs during the mitotic phase?

A

Segregation of replicated chromosomes, and the division of the cytoplasm, which leads to the formation of daughter cells

23
Q

What is three sub phases, make up the interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S Phase
  3. G2
24
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase?

A

This is the first period of growth where proteins and organelles are synthesised. As the cell is active, it carries out metabolic processes.

25
Q

What occurs during the S phase?

A

Cell growth continues
The nuclear DNA replicates
Chromosomes are copied in preparation for mitosis leading to chromosomes becoming sister chromatids

26
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase?

A

This is the second growth period where proteins and organelles are again synthesised

27
Q

By the end of interphase, what has happened to the parent cell?

A

The size of the parent cell will have doubled

28
Q

Is interphase part of mitosis?

A

No, interphase is part of the cell cycle

29
Q

What is the mitotic phase split into?

A

It’s split into mitosis and cytokinesis

30
Q

What happens during mitosis? (tiny summary)

A

The nucleus and its contents divide equally

31
Q

What happens during cytokinesis? (Tiny summary)

A

Separation of cytoplasm into daughter cells

32
Q

In order, what are the four stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
33
Q

How are the four stages of mitosis recognised?

A

They are recognised by their appearance, and the location of the cells chromosomes in its nucleus

34
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A
  • DNA condenses into chromosomes with two sister chromatids
  • The nuclear membrane breaks down and spindle microtubules extend from the MTOC by polymerisation
  • The spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochores in the centrosome
35
Q

What is the kinetochores?

A

It’s the joining site in the centromere

36
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

37
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

It’s the arrangement of chromosomes at the cell equator

38
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

Spindle microtubules shorten by depolymerisation separating the sister chromatids and pulling them to opposite poles

39
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

-Chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes form around them
-This is also when is cytokinesis occurs

40
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

A protein ring around the centre of the cell contracts pinching it into two genetically identical daughter cells each with one nucleus

41
Q

What equation allows us to work out the percentage of cells in a sample undergoing mitosis?

A

(Cells in mitosis (PMAT) / total number of cells) x 100