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Term 3 > Unit 11 Endocrine and Metabolic Screening > Flashcards

Unit 11 Endocrine and Metabolic Screening Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Neuromuscular S/S of Endocrine Disorders?

A
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Periarthritis
  • Adhesive Capsulitis
  • Chondrocalcinosis: (A type of arthritis that typically affects the knees and causes flare-ups of pain and inflammation)
  • Spondyloarthropathy: (Forms of arthritis that usually strike the bones in your spine and nearby joints)
  • Osteoarthritis
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2
Q

What are the Systemic S/S of Endocrine Disorders?

A
  • Polydipsia
  • Mental changes
  • Changes in hair
  • Changes in skin
  • Changes in vital signs
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3
Q

What are the Principal Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Median nerve compression @ the wrist
  • Endocrine disorder (Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, gout, and acromegaly)
  • Liver disease
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4
Q

What is Periarthritis and Calcific Tendinitis?

A

An inflammation of periarticular structures, including the tendons, ligaments and joint capsule. Most frequent in the shoulder of people who have endocrine disease

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5
Q

What is Chondrocalcinosis?

A

Refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the cartilage of joints. When accompanied by attacts of gout-like symptoms, it is called pseudogout

Hypercalemia especially hyperparathyroidism

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6
Q

What is the difference between Spondyloarthropathy and Osteoarthritis?

A
  • Spondyloarthropathy refers to any joint disease of the vertebral column
  • Osteoarthritis is the inflammation of joints and degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone
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7
Q

What are the Main Hormones for the Posterior Pituitary Glands?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

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8
Q

What is the Main Hormone for the Anterior Pituitary Glands?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

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9
Q

What are the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary causes of Endocrine Pathophysiology?

A
  • Primary: Excess or Deficiency of secretion of the gland itslef
  • Secondary: Excess of Deficiency of secretion of the pituitary gland
  • Tertiary: Excess or Deficiency of secretion by the Hypothalamus
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10
Q

With the Posterior Pituitary, what is the role of Vasopressin?

A

This is an Antidiuretic Hormone

  • This regulates the absorption of water by the kidneys
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11
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Lack of vasopressin secretion, decreased capacity to absorb water by the kidney

Can cause polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia, etc

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12
Q

With the Anterior Pituitary, what is the role of Growth Hormone?

A

To stimulate long bone growth in children. In adults helps with the body metabolism

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary Disorder

With Growth Hormone disorders, what is Acromegaly and Gigantism?

A

This is the result from excess GH in adults and in children, repectively. These diseases are associated with multiple system problems

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14
Q

With Growth Hormone disorders, what is Dwafism?

A

This is the result form insufficint GH in children, while decresed GH in adults is usually cryptic

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15
Q

What are the Clinical S/S of Acromegaly?

A
  • Bony Enlargement
  • DM
  • Profuse sweating
  • Back Pain, Degenerative changes
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16
Q

With the Adrenal Gland, what is the role of Cortisol and Aldosterone?

A
  • Cortisole: Regulates metabolism response to stress and inflammation; glucose metabolism
  • Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and water balance
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17
Q

Adrenal Dysfunction

What is Cushing Syndrome?

A

Hypercortisolism

  • This may happen in patients that received large doses of cortisol such as hydrocortione or dexamethasone
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18
Q

Adrenal Dysfunction

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Hypocortisolism and Low Aldosterone

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19
Q

What is the role of the Thyroid Hormones?

A

Regulates metabolism rate and increase protein synthesis

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20
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism

  • Thyroid hormone inceased metabolism
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21
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Disease?

A

Hypothyroidism

  • Thyroid hormone deceased metabolism

This is an autoimmune disease

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22
Q

What is the role of the Parathyroid Glands?

A

These glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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23
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism (Hypofunction)?

A

Decreased PTH causes hypoclaemia. This is less common

24
Q

What is Hyperparathyroidism (Hyperfunction)?

A

Elevation PTH causes release of calcium by the bone and accumulation of calcium in the bloodstream

25
Q

What is the role of the Pancreas?

A
  • The pancreas has dual functions
  • It acts as both as an endocrine gland, secreting the hormones insuline and glucagon and a exocrine gland, producing digestive enzymes
26
Q

What is the Role of Glucagon?

A

This helps insulin maintain normal blood glucose by working in the opposite way of insulin.
- It stimulates your cells to release glucose, and this raises you blood glucose levels

27
Q

What is the Role of Insulin?

A

This hormone regulates blood glucose by allowing many of your body’s cells to absorb and use glucose.
- In turn, this drops blood glucose levels

28
Q

How is a person diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus?

A

A person must have fasting plasma glucose (FPG) reading of 126 mg/dL or higher on 2 different days

29
Q

Which type of DM has a more Gradual type of onset?

A

Type 2

  • Type 1 is more abrupt
30
Q

What type of DM has a higher incidence?

A

Type 2

31
Q

What are the Clinical S/S of DM?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Blurred Vision
  • Numbness and Tingling in hands and feet (Diabetic Neuropathy)
32
Q

What are Physical Complicatins of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Blood Vessels:
- Coronary Arterial Disease (CAD)
- Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD)
- Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
- Renal Artery Stenosis

Nerves:
- DIabetic Neuropathy (Polyneuropathy)
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Mononeuropathy)
- CNS Changes (Cognition deficits/dementia)

33
Q

What are characteristics of Charcot Joints?

A
  • Severe unilateral swelling
  • Increased skin warmth
  • Redness
  • Deep pressure sensation, but less pain than anticipated
34
Q

What is considered “Safe” Glucose Level?

A

Between 100-250 mg/dL

35
Q

What is considered the Caution Zone for Glucose?

A

Between 250-300 mg/dL

36
Q

With exercise, what should happen if the patients Glucose is above 300 mg/dL?

A

Exercise needs to be postponed (risk of ketoacidosis; Immediate medical attention

37
Q

With exercise, what should happen if the patients glucose is below 100 mg/dL?

A

10-15g carbohydrate snack should be given and the glucose retested in 15 min to ensure an appropriate level

38
Q

What should be done if the patient shows any signs of hypoglycemia during exercise?

A

The activity must be discontinued and blood glucose should be tested

39
Q

Should patients with active retinopathy and nephropathy exercise?

A

They should avoid high-intensity exercise that causes significant increase in blood pressure because such increase can cause further damage to retinas and kidneys

40
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

What are the Clinical Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) ~ Type 1?

A
  • Thirsty
  • Hyperventilation
  • Lethargy/Confusion
  • Blood glucose level >300 mg/dL
41
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

What are the Clinical Symptoms of Hyperosmolar, Hyperglycemic State (HHS) ~Type 2 - Elderly?

A
  • Gradual onset
  • Renal Indufficiency
  • Severe Dehydration
  • Lethargy / Confusion
  • Blood glucose level >300 mg/dL
42
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

What are the Clinical Signs of Hypoglycemia, with Sympathetic activity?

A
  • Weakness and Shakiness
  • Pallor and Perspiration
43
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

What are the Clinical Signs of Hypoglycemia with CNS activity?

A
  • Headache, Double/blurred vision
  • Confusion
  • Blood Glucose level <70 mg/dL
44
Q

What should you do if your patient is in a Hyperglycemic state?

A

If anyone with DM arrives in a confused or lethargic state or is exhibiting changes in metal function, fingerstick glucose testing should be performed. Immediate Physician referral is necessary

45
Q

What should you do if your patient is in a Hypoglycemic state?

A

This can be treated in the conscious client by immediate administration of sugar.
- Half cup of fruit juice or sugared cola, 8 oz of milk, two packets of sugar, a 2 oz tube of honey or cake decorating gel
- Report the episode to the clients physician

46
Q

What regulates the Body Metabolism?

A

Regulated by Endocrine and Nervous Systems
- All metabolic functions require fluid and acid-base balance

47
Q

If a patient has a Fluid Imbalance, what would Dehydration or Fluid Loss cause?

A

Causes of the losss of both water and solutes include Hemorrhage (Surgeries) and loss of GI Tract secretions (Vomiting and diarrhea)

48
Q

With Fluid Imbalance, what populations deal with Water Intoxication?

A
  • Older Adults, who drink additional water after having the flu, with its associated vomiting and diarrhea
  • Athletes, who have lost a large amount of body fluid during exercise that has been replaced with only water
49
Q

What are different Metabolic Disorders?

A
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Gout
  • Metabolic Bone Disease
50
Q

Metabolic Disorders

What are the Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome?

A
  • Large Waistline: Less than or equal to 40 in for men and 35 in for women
  • High Triglyceride Level: 150 mg/dL or greater
  • Low High Density Lipoprotenin (HDL) Cholesterol: < 40mg/dL for men, < 50mg/dL for women
  • High Blood Pressure: 130/85 mmHg or greater
  • High Fasting Blood Sugar: 100 mg or greater

Diagnosis: Any 3 of the 5 features above

51
Q

Metabolic Disease

What is Gout?

A

When there is elevated Serum Uric Acid, this can result in the formation of tiny uric acid crystals that collect in joints, triggering a painful inflammatory response

52
Q

Metabolic Bone Disease

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Bone Loss (Unbalance Hormones)

53
Q

Metabolic Bone Disease

What is Osteomalacia (Vitament D deficiency)?

A

Reduced rate of bone formation - softening of the bones

54
Q

Metabolic Bone Disease

What is Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)?

A

Inflammatory Condition - Genetic Factors

55
Q

What are the Guidelines for Immediate Medical Attention?

A
  • Any person with DM who is confused, lethargic, exhibiting changes of metal state profuse sweating or is in Hyperglycemic state
  • Patients that show signs of potassium depletion (e.g Lethal cardiac arrhythmia) or fluid dehydration in those who take non-potassium-sparing diuretics
  • Signs of Thyroid Storm (Severe Tachycardia)
56
Q

What are the Guidelins for Physican Referral?

A
  • Any unexplained fever w/o other symptoms in a person taking corticosteriods
  • Palpable Nodules
  • Any episode of hypoglycemia
  • The presence of muliple xanthomas on the extensor tendons
  • Signs of fluid loss or dehydration
  • Recurrent arthritic symptoms in a client with gout who is taking urate-lowering drugs

Term 3 (50 decks)

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