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Term 3 > Pharmacology Unit 11 Respiratory and GI > Flashcards

Pharmacology Unit 11 Respiratory and GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Indications of Respiratory Drugs used to treat respiratory tract irritation and control respiratory secretions?

A

Directed primarily at maintaining proper airflow through the respiratory secretions

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2
Q

What are the drugs used to treat respiratory tract irritation and control respiratory secretions?

A
  • Antitussives
  • Decongestants
  • Antihistamines
  • Mucolytics and Expectorants
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3
Q

Respiratory Drugs

What do Anititussives do? what is the difference between opioid and non-opioid anitussives?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A
  • Opioid antitussives suppress the cough reflex center in the brainstem
  • Non-opioid antitussives work by inhibiting the irritant effects of histamine of the respiratoru mucuosa or by local anesthetic action on the respiratory epithelium

  • Sedation
  • Dizziness
  • Dependence/Tolerance (Opioids)
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4
Q

Respiratory Drugs

What do Decongestants do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug

A

This stimulates vasoconstriction, drys up the mucosal vasculature and decreases local congestion in the nasal passages

  • Dizziness
  • Cardiovascular Irregularities (Hypertension, Palpitations)
  • Headache
  • Nervousness
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5
Q

Respiratory Drugs

What do Anithistamines do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Decrease nasal congestion, mucosal irritation and discharge (rhinitis, sinusitis) and conjunctivitis that are caused by inhaled allergens

  • Sedation
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Blurred Vision
  • Incoordination
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6
Q

Respiratory Drugs

What do Mucolytics and Expectorants do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Mucolytics split the disulfide bonds of respiratory mucoproteins, thus forming a less viscous secretions

Expectorants mechanisms of actions is not entirely known

Mucolytics:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa
- Rhinorrhea

Expectorants:
- Upset GI

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7
Q

With patients taking medications for Respiratory Drugs, what are the considerations for PT?

A
  • Some of theses meds cause dizziness, sedation, and muscle coordination and changes in vision, which can increase the risk for falls.
  • Maintian proper guarding and utilize the gait belt when mobilizing these patients
  • Assessing blood pressure and heart rate is important secondary to changes in blood pressure and heart rhythem when taking decongestants
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8
Q

What are the Indications for Repiratory Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

To prevent or reverse bronchial constriction and obstruction

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9
Q

What are the drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease?

A
  • Beta-adrenergic Agonist
  • Xanthine Derivatives
  • Anticholinergic Drugs
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Cromones
  • Leukotriene Inhibitors
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10
Q

Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease

What do Beta-Adrenergic Agonist do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Stimulate beta-2 receptors, this results in relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscles (brochiodilation). Can be administered orally, subcutaneously or by inhalation

  • Increased brochial response to allergens and irritants (with prolonged use)
  • Cardiac Irregularities
  • Tremors
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11
Q

Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease

What do Xanthine Derivatives do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme located in bronchial smooth muscle cells

  • Toxicity
    –Nausea, confusion, irritibility, restlessness
    –Cardiac arrhythmias, seizures
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12
Q

Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease

What do Anticholinergic Drugs do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors and prevents acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction, thus improving airflow in certain types of bronchospastic disease, such as COPD

  • Tachycardia
  • Blurred Vision
  • Confusion
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13
Q

Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease

What do Glucocorticoids do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This inhibits the production of proinflammatory product

  • Osteoporosis
  • Skin breakdown
  • Muscle wasting
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Adrenal Suppression (Prolonged use)
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14
Q

Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease

What do Cromones do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Prevents bronchoconstriction by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine and leukotriences from pulmonary mast cell

Nasal and upper respiratory passageway irritation

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15
Q

Drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease

What do Leukotriene Inhibitors do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Works by either inhibiting the enzyme that produces infammation or by blocking the receptor for leukotrienes on respiratory tissues

Hepatic impairment (although uncommon)

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16
Q

For patietns taking drugs used to maintain airway patency in obstructive pulmonary disease, what considerations must PT take?

A

Some of the meds can cause an increase in heart rate, so assessing vitals in important for the pt safety. Blurred vision and tremors may place the patient in increased risk of falls
- Glucocorticoids can increase in blood sugar, so its important to monitor for s/s of hyperglycemia, especially for those with DMII.

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17
Q

What are the Indications of Gastrointestinal Drugs used to control gastic acidity and secretion?

A

These drugs attempt to control or prevent the detrimental effects of gastric acid

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18
Q

Gastrointestinal Drugs

What are the drugs used to control gastric acidity and secretion?

A
  • Antacids
  • H2 Receptor Blockers
  • Proton Pump Inhibitors
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19
Q

GI: Drugs used to control gastric acidity and secretion

What do Antacids do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This drug is a base. It combines with excess hydrogen ions in the stomach to increase intragastric pH

  • Diarrhea
  • Electrolyte imbalance (prolonged use)
  • May affect solubility of some medications
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20
Q

GI: Drugs used to control gastric acidity and secretion

What do H2 Receptor Blockers do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

These prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid under basal conditions and during stimulation by food, and they can help decrease damage from gastric acid caused by NSAIDs and other factors that increase acid secretion

  • Dizziness
  • Tolerance
  • Acid Rebound (withdrawal after prolonged use)
  • Mild GI problems
  • Headachs
21
Q

GI: Drugs used to control gastric acidity and secretion

What do Proton Pump Inhibitors do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This inhibits the H+, K+ - ATPase enzyme that is ultimately responsible for secreting acid from gastric parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach

  • Decreased bone mineralization (prolonged use)
  • Gastic polyps (prolonged use)
22
Q

Patients that take drugs used to control gastric acidity and secretion, what considerations should the PT have?

A
  • Antacids should NOT be taken within 2 hours of other orally administered drugs such as warfarin, digoxin, iron supplements and certain antibiotics
  • Prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors may lead to decreased bone mineralization, this means that pts are at an increased risk of fractures. Caution should be taken when doing mobs and manipulations
  • Minimizing fall risk is important since a fall can result in a signficant injury for this patient population
23
Q

Gastrointestinal Drugs

What are the Indications for Antidirrheal Agents?

A

To decrease propulsion of food through GI tract

24
Q

GI: Antidiarrheal Agents

What do Opioid Derivatives do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This binds to neuronal receptors on the enteric nerve plexus within the gut wall or by a direct effect of opioids on GI epithelial and smooth muscle cell

  • Drowsiness
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
25
Q

GI: Antidiarrheal Agents

What do Bismuth Salicylate do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from lower GI, decreasing fluid loss. The salicyate component may inhibit the production of prostaglandins that irritate the intestinal lining

This drug is free from serious adverse affects

26
Q

Patients that take Antidiarrheal Agents, what considerations should the PT take?

A

Drowsiness, fatigue, and dizziness may place the patient at an increased risk for falls, so caution must be taken during gait training and transfers to maximize patient safety.

27
Q

Gastrointestinal Drugs

What are the Indications for Laxatives and Catartics?

A
  • Laxatives promote exacuation of the bowel and defecaion when normal bowel movements are impaired, but no obstruction exist in the GI system.
  • Cathartics or purgatives are also used to promote lower GI evacuation, but in a somewhat more rapid fashion than with typical laxatives
28
Q

GI: Laxatives and Cathartics

What do Bulk forming Laxatives do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This absorbs water and swells within the lower GI tract. The increased size of the water-laden laxative stretches the bowel, thus stimulating intestinal movement (peristalsis)

  • Nausea
  • Stomach Cramps
29
Q

GI: Laxatives and Cathartics

What do Hyperosmotic Laxatives do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

Increase stool fluid content and stimulates peristalsis

  • Nausea
  • Stomach Cramps
30
Q

GI: Laxatives and Cathartics

What do Stimulant Laxatives do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

They may activate peristalsis by a direct irritant effect on the intestinal mucosa or by stimulating the nerve plexus within the gut wall

  • Nausea
  • Stomach Cramps
31
Q

GI: Laxatives and Cathartics

What do Stool Softeners and Lubricants do?

What are the Adverse effects of this drug?

A

This facilitates the entry of water into the fecal mass, thus softening the stool and permitting easier defecation

  • Nausea
  • Stomach Cramps
32
Q

Gastrointestinal Drugs

What are the Miscellaneous GI Drugs?

A
  • Digestants
  • Emetics
  • Antiemetics
  • Choletholytic Agents
33
Q

GI: Miscellaneous GI Drugs

What do Digestants do?

A

Aid in the digestion of food. Used by individuals with cystic fibrosis

34
Q

GI: Miscellaneous GI Drugs

What do Emetics do?

A

These medications induce vomiting, usually used to empty stomach contents after ingested toxins or poisoning

35
Q

GI: Miscellaneous GI Drugs

What do Antiemetics do?

A

This helps decrease nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, post-op, or other medical treatments such as chemotherapy

36
Q

GI: Miscellaneous GI Drugs

What do Cholelitholytic Agents do?

A

These are used to dissolve gallstones that are supersaturated with cholesterol

37
Q

What is the primary role of bronchodilators in obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

To relieve acute bronchospasm

Bronchodilators are essential in managing symptoms of obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma and COPD.

38
Q

What are the two administration routes for bronchodilators and their effects?

A

Inhaled: rapid with little systemic toxicity; Oral: longer duration but side effects

Common side effects of oral administration include tachycardia and tremor.

39
Q

What are inhaled glucocorticoids used for?

A

Long term prevention of asthmatic attacks

40
Q

What are oral glucocorticoids used for?

A

Short term management of asthma

41
Q

What are the most effective drugs for the prevention of acute asthmatic episodes?

A

Glucocorticoids

42
Q

Name the primary classifications of antacids.

A
  • Aluminum-containing
  • Magnesium-containing
  • Calcium carbonate-containing
  • Sodium bicarbonate-containing
  • A combination of any of these classifications

Each classification has different properties and side effects.

43
Q

What is the most common side effect associated with aluminum-containing antacids?

A

Constipation

This side effect is due to the aluminum component in the antacids.

44
Q

What side effect is often associated with magnesium-containing antacids?

A

Diarrhea

Magnesium can have a laxative effect, leading to this side effect.

45
Q

What conditions are H2 blockers commonly used to treat?

A
  • Dyspepsia
  • Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

These medications help reduce symptoms associated with excess stomach acid.

46
Q

What type of bacterium is Helicobacter pylori?

A

Gram-negative bacterium

47
Q

Where is H. pylori often present in individuals with gastric ulcer disease?

A

Upper gastrointestinal tract

48
Q

What are the main treatment options for H. pylori infection in gastric ulcer disease?

A

Antibacterials, PPI, bismuth or a combination

Term 3 (51 decks)

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