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Term 3 > Pharmacology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pharmacotherapeutics?

A

The area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease, this is divided into two functional areas: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

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2
Q

In Pharmacotherapeutics, what is the definition of Pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates the drug.

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3
Q

In Pharmacotherapeutics, what is the definition of Pharmacodynamics?

A

The analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect

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4
Q

What is the relevance of Pharmacology in Rehabilitation?

A
  • Drugs affect performance
  • Drugs affect healing
  • Drugs affect cognition
  • PT’s are patient educators
  • PT’s are healthcare professionals
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5
Q

What is the definition between Chemical name, Generic name, and Trade name? (Drug Nomenclature)

A
  • Chemical Name: refers to the drugs chemical compound and molecular structure
  • Generic Name: Scientific name
  • Trade or brand name: Proprietary name
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6
Q

Describe the development and approval of therapeutic drugs.

A
  • Preclinical (animal) studies: Initially laboratory tests to determine drug effects and safety, typically tested on animals (Usually takes 1-2 years)
  • Clinical (Human studies):
    –Phase 1- Determine effects, safe dosage, pharmacokinetics, subjects are a small number (less than 100) of healthy volunteers (Takes less than a year)
    –Phase 2- Assess drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease/disorder, subjects are limited number of Pt. (200-300) with target disorder
    (Takes 2 years)
    –Phase 3- Assess safety and effectiveness in a larger patient population, subjects are larger number of Pt. (1000-3000) targeted (takes 3 years)
  • New Drug Application (NDA) Approval:
    –Phase 4 (Post-marketing surveillance) - Monitor any problems that occur after NDA approval , subjects are the general patient population, (has indefinite time period)
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7
Q

What are Orphan Drugs?

A

The FDA also makes provisions for the development, approval, and production of drugs that treat rare diseases. These orphan drugs may be indicated for only the relatively small population with the disease- that is, fewer that 200,000 people

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8
Q

What is Off-Label Prescribing?

A

The use of a drug to treat conditions other than those that the drug was originally approved to treat

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9
Q

What are Controlled Substances?

A

Drugs designated by the federal government as having increased potential for abuse and illegal use. These substances are grouped into 5 categorize (Schedules)

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10
Q

What is a Schedule 1 Drug? What are some examples?

A

This is has the Highest potential for abuse
- Has a high Physical and Psychological effect

Ex: heroin, LSD, marijuana and methaqualone

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11
Q

What is a Schedule 2 Drug? What are some examples?

A

This has a high potential for abuse
- Has a high Physical and Psychological effect

Ex: Morphine, PCP, cocaine, methadone and methamphetamine

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12
Q

What is a Schedule 3 Drug? What are some examples?

A

This has a moderate potential for abuse
- Has a moderate Physical effect and high Psychological effect

Ex: Anabolic steroids, codeine, and hydrocodone with Aspirin or Tylenol

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13
Q

What are Schedule 4 Drugs? What are some examples?

A

This has a low potential for abuse
- Has a lower Physical and Psychological effect

Ex: Darvon, Talwin, Equanil, Valium, and Xanax

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14
Q

What are Schedule 5 Drugs? What are some examples?

A

This has a low potential for abuse
- Has a lowest Physical and Psychological effect

Ex: Over the counter cough medication with codeine

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15
Q

What is the Route of Administration drugs take in the body?

A

Drugs can be ingested oral or administered through I.V
- They are absorbed in systemic circulation
- They are distributed in the Target Tissue
- They are metabolized in the Liver
- They are Eliminated in the Kidney

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16
Q

What is the Dose Response Curve?

A
  • This provides the dose range which the drug is effective
  • Gives information of the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response (Onset)
  • Gives information of the time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response (Peak or Maximum Effect)
  • Gives information of the time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response (Duration)
17
Q

In the Dose Response Curve, what happens when there is a plateau?

A

A plateau is indicative that even if the dosage continues to increase, there will be no further increment in response.
- The point at which there is no further increase in response is known as the Ceiling effect or Maximal effect of the drug.

18
Q

What is the Dose Response Relationship with Potency?

A
  • Absolute amount of drug required to produce an effect
  • More potent is the one that requires lower dose to cause same effect
19
Q

What is Quantal Dose Response?

A
  • This looks at the dose response as it relates to the percentage of individuals responding to the drug
  • Median Effective Dose (ED50)
  • Median Toxic Dose (TD50)
  • Median Lethal Dose (LD50)

Pharmacologist use the Median Effective Dose

20
Q

What is the Therapeutic Index (TI)?

A

This is a comparison of the amount of therapeutic agent that can cause a therapeutic effect to the amount that causes death.
- Quantitatively, its a ration given by the lethal dose divided by the effective dose (What we want is a this number to be greater than 1 for the drug to be usable)

  • If the TI is 2, these drugs need to be monitored
21
Q

Why dont we use a drug with a TI <2?

A

That means that the toxicity will come before the benefit

If ED50 is greater than LD50, this is very bad it will result in mortality

22
Q

What are the 4 Major processes in Pharmacokinetics?

A
  • Absorption: Movement across one or more membrane (In stomach, and small intestine)
  • Distribution: How drugs are transported in body (In bloodstream)
  • Metabolism: Process whereby drugs are made more or less active (In Liver)
  • Excretion: Processes remove drug from body (In kidneys and Large intestine)
23
Q

What is the “First Pass Effect”?

A

Drugs that are given orally are subject to the “first pass effect”. After absorption the drug is transported to the liver via the portal vein where significant amount of the drug is metabolized and destroyed prior to reaching its site of action

24
Q

What is Bioavailability? What is it dependent on?

A
  • How much of the drug will be available to produce its affect
  • Dependent on the route of administration because drugs have to move across membranes

(For example, if you take a drug that is 100mg and 50mg get in the bloodstream then that drug is 50% bioavailable)

25
Q

How do drugs move across membrane barriers?

A
  • Passive Diffusion (Related to having a higher concentration on one side of a permeable membrane vs. the other)
  • Active Transport (uses energy)
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis (The release of chemicals in the body)
26
Q

What are some factors on how a drug is distributed in the body?

A
  • Tissue Permeability
  • Blood Flow
  • Binding to plasma proteins (Albumin)
  • Binding to subcellular components

Also Volume Distribution: the ratio of the amount of drug administered to the plasma concentration

27
Q

What is Drug Storage and where can drugs be stored?

A

When drugs end up in tissues it does not belong. Tissues such as:
- Adipose (fat)
- Bone
- Muscle
- Organs

This can cause adverse affects. It can cause local tissue damage, and/or damage to the organs.

28
Q

What are newer techniques for Drug Delivery?

A

Controlled release preparation’s
- With longer acting drugs, instead of taking that medication and having it act right away, it can be formulated for a slow titration across time.

Implanted Drug Deliver System / Targeting drug deliver to specific cells
- This is when you have a small container, maybe placed under the skin, and then a catheter that leads directly to the organ that can target very precisely

29
Q

What does Intrathecal mean?

A

Administration of substance within a sheath; typically refers to injection into the sub-arachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord

Term 3 (51 decks)

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