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Term 3 > CNS Unit 12 > Flashcards

CNS Unit 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basis categories of function with the Limbic System?

“HOME”

A
  • Homeostasis ; Hypothalamus
  • Olfaction ; Olfactory cortex
  • Memory ; Hippocampal formation
  • Emotion ; Amygdala
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2
Q

Limbic System

What is the Function of Septal Nuclei? What would happen if there was a lesion here?

A

This is involved in pleasure center; moderate memory; responsible for desire to eat

  • Lesions associated with anorexia, nervosa and gluttony
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3
Q

Limbic System

What is the function of the Thalamus? What would happen if there was a lesion here?

A

This deals with emotional response to sensation

  • Korsakoff’s Syndrome: is caused by alcoholism or Vitamin B1 deficiency
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4
Q

Limbic System

What is the Function of the Hypothalamus? What would happen if there was a lesion here?

A

Mediates autonomic response to emotion - blushing ; Special nuclei modulates opposing function of the hypothalamus

  • Lesions can cause Anorexia, Bulimia
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5
Q

Limbic Lobe

What would happen if there was a lesion to Pariaqueductal Gray (of brainstem)?

A

This leads to indifference to pain

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6
Q

Limbic System

With the Olfactory Cortex, what is the function of Rhinencephalon?

A
  • Smell
    -Odors of external environment
    -Sensation to taste
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7
Q

With the Olfactory Cortex, what are secondary Olfactory areas?

A
  • Anterior Entorhinal Cortex: Memory
  • Orbitofrontal Olfactory Area: Smell discrimination
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8
Q

What is the Function of the Amygdala? What would a lesion here cause?

A

Function:
- Emotion
- Autonomic
- Neuroendocrine

Lesion:
- Flat affect
- Hypersexuality
- Disinhibited behavior

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9
Q

Where does the Amygala recieve input and take out the output?

A

Input:
- Sensory systems
- Mediodorsal thalamus
- Lat., Med. Hypothalamus
- Septal area
- Periaqueductal Gray

Output:
- Stria terminalis
- Ventral Amygdalofugal

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10
Q

Limbic System: Hippocampal Formation

What are the 2 regions for Memory Formation?

A
  • Medial Temporal Lobe:
    -Hippocampal Formation
    -Parahippocampal Gyrus
  • Medial Diencephalic
    -Mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei
    -Mammillary Bodies
    -Diencephalic nuclei
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11
Q

What are the Classifications of Different Types of Cortex?

A
  • Primary Motor or Sensory Cortex
  • Unimodal Association Cortex: These deal with association that is modality specific
  • Heteromodal Association Cortex
  • Limbic Cortex
Both the Frontal Heteromodal Association Cortex and Lateral Parietal and Temporal Heteromodal Association cortex make up the Higher-order functioning with a lot of bidirectional connections
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12
Q

What is Cerebral Lateralization?

A

This is when certain functions tend to be lateralized or specialized in one hemisphere versus another

  • Hemishperic Specialization eliminated the delay of long callosul transmission

Ex:
- Handedness: 90% of the population is right handed
- Language: L hemisphere is dominate for 95% of right handers adn 60-70% of left handers
- Perception: R hemisphere

This is not apparent until 3 to 4 years of age

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13
Q

With Cerebral Organization, which higher order functioning cortex will you find posteriorly? Whats the function?

A
  • Posterior Parietal and Temporal Association Cortex
  • This deals more with interpreting perceptual data and assigning meaning to sensory information
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14
Q

With Cerebral Organization, which higher order functioning cortex will you find anteriorly? Whats the function?

A
  • Frontal Association Cortex (Prefrontal cortex)
  • This deals more with planning, control, execution of actions
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15
Q

What are the Functions of the Dominant Hemisphere?

A

Usually Left Hemisphere
- Language
- Skilled Motor Formulation (Praxis)
- Musical Ability: sequential and analytical skills in trained musicians
- Arithmetic: Sequential and analytical calculating skills
- Sense of Direction: following a set of written directions in sequence

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16
Q

What are the Functions of the Non-Dominant Hemisphere?

A

Usually Right Hemisphere
- Prosody (emotion conveyed by tone of voice)
- Visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
- Musical Ability: In untrained musicians, and for complex musical pieces in trained musicians
- Arithmetic: Ability to estimate quantity and to correctly line up columns of numbers on the page
- Sense of direction: Finding one’s way by overall sense of spatial orientation

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17
Q

L Hemisphere

How is information transferred between Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area?

A

By the Subcortical white matter pathway called the Arcuate Fasciculus

Sounds converted to words in Wernicke’s; and Words converted to sounds in Broca’s

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18
Q

What other areas work with Broca’s Area?

A

Other Anterior Areas, for higher-order motor aspects of speech forumlation and planning
- Premotor and Supplementary Motor Cortex (B.A 6)
- Prefronal Cortex (B.A 8, 9,10, 46,47)

This is where we get syntax or grammatical structure

Syntax: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

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19
Q

What other areas work with Wernicke’s Area?

A

More Posterior Areas, for language comprehension
- Inferior Temporal Language Area (B.A 37)
- Angular Gyrus (B.A 39); this is important for written gyrus
- Supramarginal Gyrus (B.A 40)

This is more about lexicon and its very important in mapping sounds to meaning

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20
Q

What is Aphasia?

A
  • A defect in language processing
  • Dysfunction of the Dominant cerebral hemisphere (typcially left)
  • Spoken and written language is affected
Stoke most common
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21
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

AKA Non-Fluent Aphasia/Expressive Aphasia/Motor Aphasia/Anterior Aphasia
- Damage to Broca’s Area (B.A 44, 45)
- Most common lesion due to L MCA Superior Division Infarct
- Decreased fluency in language
- Naming difficulties
- Repetition is impaired
- Comprehension is INTACT

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22
Q

What ae Common Associated Features of Broca’s Aphasia?

A
  • Dysarthria
  • Right Hemiparesis
  • Frustration
  • Depression
  • Sometimes apraxia on non-paretic left side
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23
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

AKA Fluent Aphasia/Receptive Aphasia/Sensory Aphasia/Posterior Aphasia
- Damage to Wernicke’s Area (B.A 22) in dominant temporoparietal lobes
- Most common lesion due to L MCA Inferior Divisions Infarct
- Fluent speech, but its empty, its meaningless with nonsensical paraphasic error
- Naming difficulties
- Repetition is impaired
- Impaired Comprehension

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24
Q

What are Common Associated Features with Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A
  • Contralateral Visual Field Cut (Optic Radiation Involvement)
  • Patient unaware of their deficits
  • Angry or paranoid behavior
  • Apraxia may be present but difficult to diagnose
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25
Q

If there is a really large L MCA Infact, what type of Aphasia will be present?

A

Global Aphasia

  • Language is not fluent
  • Does not Comprehend
  • Repetition is impaired
26
Q

If there is a lesion/oculusion in the communication of Arcuate Fasciculus, what type of Aphasia will be present?

A

Conduction Aphasia
- Language is Fluent
- Can comprehend
- Repetition is impaired

27
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Alexia?

A

Impaired Reading

28
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Agraphia?

A

Impaired writting

29
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Gerstmann Syndrome?

A

Agraphia, Acalculia, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia

30
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Cortical Deafness?

A

Bilateral lesions of Heschel’s Gyrus, can’t interpret sound

31
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Pure word deafness/Verbal Auditory Agnosia?

A

Cannot understand spoken words but understands nonverbal sounds (Dominant Hemisphere)

32
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Nonverbal Auditory Agnosia?

A

Cannot understand nonverbal sounds but understands speech (non-dominant hemisphere)

33
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Ideamotor Aphraxia?

A

The inability to carry out an action in response to a verbal command

34
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Ideational Apraxia?

A

Inability to conceptualize, plan, execute motor actions

35
Q

Other Syndromes related to aphasia

What is Aphemia?

A

Verbal Apraxia (normal written language)

Cannot put words together appropriately

36
Q

With the Non-Dominant Hemisphere, what is Lateralized Attention?

A

This means that the nondominant hemisphere deals more with attention and perception

37
Q

What would happen if there is a lesion to the Non-Dominant Hemisphere?

A

This leads to long-lasting deficits of neglect to contralateral side

38
Q

What would happen if there is a lesion to the Dominant Hemisphere?

A

This leads to mild or undetectable neglect to contralateral side

39
Q

What would happen if there is a lesion to the in both hemispheres (bilateral) Hemisphere?

A

This would cause severe neglect of the right side

40
Q

With the Non-Dominant Hemisphere, what is Spatial Processing? What Gyrus are associated with this?

What would happen if there was a lesion here (Parietal association cortex)?

A

This is Visual-spatical analysis and perception

*This is where we visually analyze our environment, and perceive our environment)

  • The 2 Gyrus are the Supramarginal Gyrus (B.A 40) and Angular Gyrus (B.A 30)

Issues with being able to navigate our environment and also perceive whats in it

41
Q

What is Hemineglect Syndrome?

A

This is Neglect that can be:
- Sensory Neglect
- Motor-Intensional Neglect
- Combined Sensory and Motor Neglect
- Conceptual Nelgect

42
Q

Hemineglect Syndrome

What is Sensory neglect?

A

The Patient ingores visual, tactile, auditory stimuli

43
Q

Hemineglect Syndrome

What is Motor-Intensional Neglect?

A

Patient perform fewer movements in contralateral space

44
Q

Hemineglect Syndrome

What is Conceptual Neglect?

A
  • The Patient’s internal representation of their own bodies or the environment exhibit contralateral hemineglect
  • Anosognosia

More severe form of neglect

45
Q
A
46
Q

What are some Clinical Features of Nondominant Hemisphere Lesions?

A
  • Difficulty with Visual-Spatial Tasks
  • Difficulty with constructional ability
  • Severe personality or emontional changes
  • Impaired geographic orientation
47
Q

What is Capgras Syndrome?

A

When the Patient insist friends and family have been replaced with identical looking imposters

48
Q

What is Fregoli Syndrome?

A

These patients believe different people are actually the same person in disguise

49
Q

What is Reduplicative Paramnesia?

A

These patients believe that a person, place or thing exist as two identical copies

50
Q

What are the Functions of the Frontal Lobe that deal with Restraint?

A
  • Judgement
  • Foresight
  • Perseverance
  • Delaying Gratification
  • Self-governance
  • Concentration
51
Q

What are the Functions of the Frontal Lobe that deal with Initiative?

A
  • Curiosity
  • Spontaneity
  • Motivation
  • Drive
  • Mental Flexibility
  • Personality
52
Q

What are the Functions of the Frontal Lobe that deal with Order?

A
  • Abstract reasoning
  • Working meaning
  • Perspective taking
  • Planning
  • Insight
  • Organization
  • Temporal Order
53
Q

What are the Main Functional Areas of Frontal Cortex?

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex (deals with executive function; largest part of frontal lobe; where high-order functioning occurs)
  • Limbic Anterior Cingulate and Orbitofrontal cortex
54
Q

What are some Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A
  • Attention span
  • Motivation
  • Problem-solving abilities
  • Prognosticate
55
Q

What are the Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

These connections are bidirectional and mainly with the parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex
Other connections:
- Limbic cortex
- Amygdala
- Hippocampal formation
- Thalamus
- Basal Ganglia

56
Q

With the Frontal Lobe, what is the function of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex?

A
  • Working Memory
  • Learning new material
  • Shifting cognition
  • Selective cognition
  • Emotional weighting of abstract decision making: intuition
57
Q

With the Frontal Lobe, what is the function of the Orbitofrontal Lobe?

A
  • Impulse control
  • Judgement
  • Social Appropriateness
58
Q

In the Frontal Lobe, what would happen if there was a Lesion to the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Dorsolateral Convexity Lesions
- The patient would be apathetic, lifeless, in abulic state

59
Q

In the Frontal Lobe, what would happen if there was a Lesion to the Orbitofrontal Lobe?

A

Ventromedial Orbitofrontal lesions
- The patient would be impulsive, have disinhibited behavior and poor judgement

Also:
- Minimal emotional response to pain
- Decreased motivational drive to participate in therapy
- IQ scores usually intact

60
Q

What would happen if there was a lesion in the Inferior Temporal Pole?

A
  • Learning Visual Task almost impossible
61
Q

In the Frontal lobe, what may we see with Lateralization Lesions?

A
  • Right Frontal Lesions:
    -Behavioral Disturbances
  • Left Frontal Lesions:
    -Depression-like symptoms

Term 3 (51 decks)

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