Types of Tissue Flashcards
Cancers are named according to _________?
The cells and tissues in which they arise
Different histologic types have different responses to chemotherapy and radiation therapy
What are the (4) basic types of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What are the specific functions of the (4) basic tissues
Epithelial- covering body parts
Connective- connects, supports, protects, insulates, transports
Muscle- contractile
Nervous- conduct impulses
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
Single layer, flattened
Diffusion and filtration
Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Simple Squamous
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
Single layer, cube shaped
Secretion and absorption
Kidney tubules, surface of the ovaries
Simple Cuboidal
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
Tall slender, elongated cells
abortion, secretion of mucus, if ciliated propels
lines digest tract-nonciliated
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus-ciliated
Simple Columnar
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
Single layer of cells that looks like several layers may …..( need to look up)
secretion, ciliated propels mucus
lines respiratory tract, contains goblet cells, secretes mucus, mucus traps inhaled dust and other debris, cilia propel it superiorly away from the lungs
Pseudostratified columnar
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
many layers of living cells
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
moist linings, covers tongue, lines mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
Stratified Squamous
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
Two layers of cube like cells
protection
largest ducts of sweat, mammary and salivary glands
Stratified Cuboidal
What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:
Flexible cells that stretch and regain strengths
lines urinary organs such as ureters, bladder and part of the urethra; when bladder fills with urine, cells____ shape
Transitional
Benign Tumors of Epithelial Origin include:
Papilloma
adenoma
nevus
Malignant Tumors of Epithelial Origin include:
Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Melanoma Transitional cell carcinoma seminoma
Can extend into deeper tissue layers to form glands-mucus secreting glands
Glandular Epithelial
Epithelial Tissue Glandular
Exocrine:
Endocrine:
Sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands
Become ductless, secrete into the blood or lymph
Thin sheets of tissue cover body, line body cavities, cover organs within the cavities, line cavities in hollow organs
Epithelial membranes
Line body cavities open to outside, contain mucous producing mucosa
Mucous Membrane
Cavities that do not open to the external, closed ventral body cavities (Serosa)
Serous Membrane
ex: pleura covering the thoracic wall and the lungs- parietal and visceral; pericardium, peritoneum
Epithelial Tissue
Cutaneous membrane
SKIN
Lines surfaces inside/outside the body-covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
Epithelial Tissue
What are the functions of Connective tissue
bind and support- muscle to bone, soft organs
protects- bone and cartilage
insulates- fat
transportation- blood
Benign connective tissue tumors:
Fibroma lipoma chondroma hemangioma meningioma
Malignant connective tissue tumors:
liposarcoma fiborsacroma ostegenic sarcoma ewings sarcoma Kaposi sarcoma lymphoma hogkins disease
Tumors arising from ________ cells are termed sarcomas. These cells include connective tissue such as cartilage and bone
Mesenchymal
Supports and protects, stores calcium and other
minerals
Bone (connective tissue)
List the different Cartilage in the connective tissue
Hyaline- part of nasal septum, ribs, larynx, trachea firm flexible support
Elastic- external ear
Fibrocartilage- inter-vertebral discs, pubic symphysis
What are the (3) types of muscle
smooth muscle- expands and contracts- intestines, blood vessels
Striated muscle- skeleton movement
Cardiac muscle- forms walls outside the heart, enables heart to pump blood
Benign Muscles Tumors
Leiomyoma
rhabdomyoma
Malignant Muscle Tumors
leimyomasarcoma
rhabdomyonmasarcoma
What are the functions of the Nervous tissue
To move and coordinate bodily functions
-Composed of brain- spinal cord
Receive stimulus and conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body
Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Nervous Tissue
Benign Nervous Tissue Tumors
Meningioma, Pituitary Adenoma
Malignant Nervous Tissue Tumors
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma
What gives rise to all other connective tissue types
Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)
Fatty Tissue
Adipose (Connective tissue)
All mature connective tissue belong to this type except bone, cartilage and blood
Dense Connective Tissue
provides structural and tensile strength/ tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs and joints
Connective Tissue
Blood
- red and white blood cells
- transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
Hemopoietic Tissue
Lymph Tissue
Characteristics of Benign Tumors Cells: Growth: Encapsulation: Spread: Life-threatening
Similar to normal cells, differentiated relatively slow yes expands and pushes only in certain locations
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors Cells: Growth: Encapsulation: Spread: Life-threatening
Vary in shape and size, many undifferentiated
rapid
no
infiltrates and invade surrounding tissue
yes
Normal cells vs. Cancer cells (Normal)
Specialized:
Reproduction:
Communication:
Adhesion:
Death:
Normal
*Specialized functioning cells differentiated
Reproduce in a controlled manner
*Communicate w/other cells using chemicals singles, cell inhibition
*Cells have molecules which allow them to stick to other cells thus helping the cells stay in an organized arrangement
*Cells can self destruct when they become damaged or diseased
Normal cells vs. Cancer cells (Cancer cells)
Specialized:
Reproduction:
Communication:
Adhesion:
Death:
Cancer Cells
- Specialized immature cells, undifferentiated
- Reproduce uncontrollably
- Lose the ability to communicate with other cells through chemical signals, loses cell inhibition
- Lose the molecules that aid in adhesion more easily allowing the cells to break off and spread to other areas of the body
- Cells lose their ability to self destruct when damaged
Tumor Grading
G1- Well differentiated (low grade)
G2- Moderately differentiated
G3- Poorly differentiated
G4- Undifferentiated (high grade) affects the prognosis
Tumor grading
- Describes how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope
- It’s an indicator of how quickly a tumor is likely to grow and spread and how aggressive it is
TMN (Most popular staging)
T-size of the tumor (Tx, To, Tis, T1, T2, T3)
N- involvement of the lymph nodes (Nx, N0, N1, N2, N3)
M- Presence of metastasis (Mx, M0, M1)
Stage refers to what?
to the size and or extent of the primary tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread in the body
suffix meaning tumor- indicates a benign tumor (some exceptions)
oma
Sarcoma
Originate from mesenchymal cells
ex: connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, adipose tissue
osteosarcoma, liposarcoma
Carcinoma (originate from epithelial cells; squamous, transitional, glandular)
- Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, infiltrating ductal carcinoma
- Seminoma, melanoma
Warning signs of cancer
Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
change in bowel or bladder habits
change in wart or mole
sore that does not heal
unexplained weight loss
anemia or low hemoglobin, and persistent fatigue
persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes or anywhere else in the body
Local Effects of Cancer
Pain
Obstruction
Necrosis
Systemic Effects of Cancer
Weight loss and cachexia anemia severe fatigue infection bleeding paraneoplastic syndromes
How cancer spreads
- Invasion (local spread)
- Metastasis (distant)
- blood
- lymphatics
- seeding
- Certain primary cancers/tumors have propensity to spread specific organ/structures
A process whereby normal cells are turned into cancer cells
Carcinogenesis
Initiator- causes damage to DNA, does not commit to neoplasia but conveys the potential to/ latent period
Risk Factors Genetic-ex Breast Viruses- ex Hepatitis/liver cancer Radiation- ex leukemia Chemicals- ex Asbestos/mesothelioma- Nothing on the other slide)
- Hormones- ex Estrogen/endometrial cancer
- Age- increases with age/breast cancer/ prostate cancer
- Diet- ex High fat foods/colon cancer, smoked foods/gastric cancer
