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Pathology- Nicole Calvin > Types of Tissue > Flashcards

Types of Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Cancers are named according to _________?

A

The cells and tissues in which they arise

Different histologic types have different responses to chemotherapy and radiation therapy

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2
Q

What are the (4) basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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3
Q

What are the specific functions of the (4) basic tissues

A

Epithelial- covering body parts
Connective- connects, supports, protects, insulates, transports
Muscle- contractile
Nervous- conduct impulses

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4
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Single layer, flattened
Diffusion and filtration
Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

A

Simple Squamous

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5
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Single layer, cube shaped
Secretion and absorption
Kidney tubules, surface of the ovaries

A

Simple Cuboidal

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6
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Tall slender, elongated cells
abortion, secretion of mucus, if ciliated propels
lines digest tract-nonciliated
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus-ciliated

A

Simple Columnar

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7
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Single layer of cells that looks like several layers may …..( need to look up)
secretion, ciliated propels mucus
lines respiratory tract, contains goblet cells, secretes mucus, mucus traps inhaled dust and other debris, cilia propel it superiorly away from the lungs

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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8
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

many layers of living cells
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
moist linings, covers tongue, lines mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, vagina

A

Stratified Squamous

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9
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Two layers of cube like cells
protection
largest ducts of sweat, mammary and salivary glands

A

Stratified Cuboidal

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10
Q

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Flexible cells that stretch and regain strengths
lines urinary organs such as ureters, bladder and part of the urethra; when bladder fills with urine, cells____ shape

A

Transitional

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11
Q

Benign Tumors of Epithelial Origin include:

A

Papilloma
adenoma
nevus

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12
Q

Malignant Tumors of Epithelial Origin include:

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma 
Basal cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Melanoma
Transitional cell carcinoma 
seminoma
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13
Q

Can extend into deeper tissue layers to form glands-mucus secreting glands

A

Glandular Epithelial

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14
Q

Epithelial Tissue Glandular
Exocrine:
Endocrine:

A

Sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands

Become ductless, secrete into the blood or lymph

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15
Q

Thin sheets of tissue cover body, line body cavities, cover organs within the cavities, line cavities in hollow organs

A

Epithelial membranes

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16
Q

Line body cavities open to outside, contain mucous producing mucosa

A

Mucous Membrane

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17
Q

Cavities that do not open to the external, closed ventral body cavities (Serosa)

A

Serous Membrane

ex: pleura covering the thoracic wall and the lungs- parietal and visceral; pericardium, peritoneum

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18
Q

Epithelial Tissue

Cutaneous membrane

A

SKIN

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19
Q

Lines surfaces inside/outside the body-covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

A

Epithelial Tissue

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20
Q

What are the functions of Connective tissue

A

bind and support- muscle to bone, soft organs
protects- bone and cartilage
insulates- fat
transportation- blood

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21
Q

Benign connective tissue tumors:

A 
Fibroma
lipoma
chondroma
hemangioma
meningioma
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22
Q

Malignant connective tissue tumors:

A 
liposarcoma
fiborsacroma
ostegenic sarcoma
ewings sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma
lymphoma
hogkins disease
23
Q

Tumors arising from ________ cells are termed sarcomas. These cells include connective tissue such as cartilage and bone

A

Mesenchymal

24
Q

Supports and protects, stores calcium and other

minerals

A

Bone (connective tissue)

25
Q

List the different Cartilage in the connective tissue

A

Hyaline- part of nasal septum, ribs, larynx, trachea firm flexible support
Elastic- external ear
Fibrocartilage- inter-vertebral discs, pubic symphysis

26
Q

What are the (3) types of muscle

A

smooth muscle- expands and contracts- intestines, blood vessels
Striated muscle- skeleton movement
Cardiac muscle- forms walls outside the heart, enables heart to pump blood

27
Q

Benign Muscles Tumors

A

Leiomyoma

rhabdomyoma

28
Q

Malignant Muscle Tumors

A

leimyomasarcoma

rhabdomyonmasarcoma

29
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous tissue

A

To move and coordinate bodily functions

-Composed of brain- spinal cord

30
Q

Receive stimulus and conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body

A

Neuron (Nerve Cell)

Nervous Tissue

31
Q

Benign Nervous Tissue Tumors

A

Meningioma, Pituitary Adenoma

32
Q

Malignant Nervous Tissue Tumors

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma

33
Q

What gives rise to all other connective tissue types

A

Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)

34
Q

Fatty Tissue

A

Adipose (Connective tissue)

35
Q

All mature connective tissue belong to this type except bone, cartilage and blood

A

Dense Connective Tissue

provides structural and tensile strength/ tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs and joints

36
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Blood

  • red and white blood cells
  • transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
37
Q

Hemopoietic Tissue

A

Lymph Tissue

38
Q 
Characteristics of Benign Tumors
Cells:
Growth:
Encapsulation:
Spread:
Life-threatening
A 
Similar to normal cells, differentiated 
relatively slow
yes
expands and pushes
only in certain locations
39
Q 
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
Cells:
Growth:
Encapsulation:
Spread:
Life-threatening
A

Vary in shape and size, many undifferentiated
rapid
no
infiltrates and invade surrounding tissue
yes

40
Q

Normal cells vs. Cancer cells (Normal)
Specialized:
Reproduction:
Communication:

Adhesion:

Death:

A

Normal
*Specialized functioning cells differentiated
Reproduce in a controlled manner
*Communicate w/other cells using chemicals singles, cell inhibition
*Cells have molecules which allow them to stick to other cells thus helping the cells stay in an organized arrangement
*Cells can self destruct when they become damaged or diseased

41
Q

Normal cells vs. Cancer cells (Cancer cells)
Specialized:
Reproduction:
Communication:

Adhesion:

Death:

A

Cancer Cells

  • Specialized immature cells, undifferentiated
  • Reproduce uncontrollably
  • Lose the ability to communicate with other cells through chemical signals, loses cell inhibition
  • Lose the molecules that aid in adhesion more easily allowing the cells to break off and spread to other areas of the body
  • Cells lose their ability to self destruct when damaged
42
Q

Tumor Grading

A

G1- Well differentiated (low grade)
G2- Moderately differentiated
G3- Poorly differentiated
G4- Undifferentiated (high grade) affects the prognosis

43
Q

Tumor grading

A
  • Describes how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope
  • It’s an indicator of how quickly a tumor is likely to grow and spread and how aggressive it is
44
Q

TMN (Most popular staging)

A

T-size of the tumor (Tx, To, Tis, T1, T2, T3)
N- involvement of the lymph nodes (Nx, N0, N1, N2, N3)
M- Presence of metastasis (Mx, M0, M1)

45
Q

Stage refers to what?

A

to the size and or extent of the primary tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread in the body

46
Q

suffix meaning tumor- indicates a benign tumor (some exceptions)

A

oma

47
Q

Sarcoma

A

Originate from mesenchymal cells
ex: connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, adipose tissue
osteosarcoma, liposarcoma

48
Q

Carcinoma (originate from epithelial cells; squamous, transitional, glandular)

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, infiltrating ductal carcinoma
  • Seminoma, melanoma
49
Q

Warning signs of cancer

A

Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
change in bowel or bladder habits
change in wart or mole
sore that does not heal
unexplained weight loss
anemia or low hemoglobin, and persistent fatigue
persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes or anywhere else in the body

50
Q

Local Effects of Cancer

A

Pain
Obstruction
Necrosis

51
Q

Systemic Effects of Cancer

A 
Weight loss and cachexia
anemia
severe fatigue
infection
bleeding
paraneoplastic syndromes
52
Q

How cancer spreads

A
  • Invasion (local spread)
  • Metastasis (distant)
  • blood
  • lymphatics
  • seeding
  • Certain primary cancers/tumors have propensity to spread specific organ/structures
53
Q

A process whereby normal cells are turned into cancer cells

A

Carcinogenesis

Initiator- causes damage to DNA, does not commit to neoplasia but conveys the potential to/ latent period

54
Q 
Risk Factors
Genetic-ex Breast 
Viruses- ex Hepatitis/liver cancer
Radiation- ex leukemia
Chemicals- ex Asbestos/mesothelioma- Nothing on the other slide)
A
  • Hormones- ex Estrogen/endometrial cancer
  • Age- increases with age/breast cancer/ prostate cancer
  • Diet- ex High fat foods/colon cancer, smoked foods/gastric cancer

Pathology- Nicole Calvin (40 decks)

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