Female & Male Reproductive System- Plus Breast PPT Flashcards
Testicular Cancer
What is recommended when a male with Testicular cancer going thru chemotherapy do?
Provide their sperm to a sperm bank
True or False
Testicular cancers is most common in malignancy in men between the ages of 50-70
False
Most common age is 20-34 years of age
Occurs primarily in the 15-35 year old age group
What are the (3) risk of Testicular Cancer
Genetic factor
Cryptorchidism- Undescended testicle
Testicle tumor on one side
What are the (2) histologies for Testicular Cancer
Seminoma (most common way)
Non-seminoma
Most tumors of the testes are malignant
What are the (2) tumor markers for Testicular Cancer
HCG- human chorionic gonadotropin (17% of patients with seminomas have slightly evaluated level of this hormone)
AFP- Alphafetoprotein (usually elevated in non-seminomas)
What are signs of Testicular Cancer
Hard painless mass in scrotum
Testis may be enlarged or may feel heavy
Pulling sensation in the scrotum
Eventually dull aching pain in the lower abdomen
Diagnose & Treatment for Testicular Cancer
Ultrasound
Radical orchiectomy (both seminoma and non-seminoma) seeding can occur during biopsy
CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis to determine stage and if it has spread
Chemotherapy (late stages)
Radiation Therapy (early stages)
Surgery (early stages)
Prostate Location
Inferior to bladder Inferior/anterior to seminal vesicles Posterior to symphysis pubis Anterior to rectum Prostate surrounds urethra
What is the second leading cause of cancer in Males
Prostate Cancer
What is the most common malignancy is males in the US
Prostate Cancer
What is the most common histology for Prostate Cancer
Adenocarcinoma
What are the (3) risk factors in Prostate Cancer
Increase age (65% occur in men over 65) Higher in African American males (74% higher)
True of False
BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia) a risk factor in prostate cancer
False
What are the (2) tumor markers for prostate cancer
- elevated PSA
2. PAP (prostate acid phosphatase) may indicate mets
What are symptoms of BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia)
- obstruction of urinary flow
- hesitancy
- dribbling
- decreased force of urinary stream
- catheters
What is BPH
Benign prostate hypertrophy or hyperplasia
- prostate enlarges due to formation of nodules and glandular cells enlarging
- affects 50% over the age of 65 to some degree
- gland starts pressing against urethra
Signs and or Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Early stages can be asymptomatic til it reaches a significant size
Decrease in frequency
Frequency
Difficulty in starting
Dysuria
Possible hematuria
Advanced prostate cancer tends to spread to bones
Detection and Diagnoses of Prostate Cancer
Physical exam- digital rectum exam 50 years of age up
Abnormality on digital exam- biopsy via transrectal ultrasound
Elevated PSA
Grading- biopsy results (gleason scale)
Radiographic imaging to determine if its spread (mets)
True or False
Liver is the most common metastatic site with prostate cancer
False
Bone is the most common metastatic site
What are the Prostate treatments and or managments
Observation
Radical prostatectomy or prostatectomy
Radiation (external and or seed implants)
Hormone therapy (cuts of supply of testosterone)
Chemotherapy has limited use
What is the prognosis for prostate cancer
92% discovered at early stages- 5 year survival rate 100%
5-year survival rate for late stage 29%
What are the risk factors for Breast Cancer
Gender (males can have breast cancer)
increases with age
increases with estrogen levels
increased weight in postmenopausal women
early menacrch (period) longer to estrogen levels
late menopause- longer to estrogen levels
nulliparity- (condition of never giving birth)
having first child late
exposure of chest to radiation
hormone replacement
family history_ BRCA1 & 2
fibrocystic disease
cancer in another breast or uterus
What are the most common organs/structures breast cancer metastasizes to?
Bone, liver, brain, lung
What is the most common malignancy in women in the US
Breast Cancer
Clinical presentation of Breast Cancer
Breast mass (mammogram)
Nipple discharge
Skin changes- peau d’orange/skin erythema
Alteration in breast contour
Lymphadenopathy- axillary, supraclavicular
Detection and Diagnosis of breast cancer
mammography- screening avg. 40-54 every year/ high risk MRI mammo starting at the age of 30 Ultrasound MRI Clinical examination Self breast exam Biopsy
Breast Cancer Histology
Invasive ductal carcinoma- originates in ductal
Carcinoma in situ
Invasive lobular carcinoma- originates in glands or lobules
Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status
ER
+ better prognosis
Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status
PR
+ better prognosis
Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status
HER2
overexpression poor prognosis
poorly differentiated
Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status
Triple negative breast cancer
worse prognosis for receptor status
Treatment for Breast Cancer (Surgery)
Surgery- breast conserving surgery
mastectomy
lumpectomy (excisional biopsy) removal of tumor with margin of normal appearing tissue
sentinel lymph node biopsy
axillary dissection- removal of a sample of axillary nodes
Treatment for Breast Cancer (combination treatments)
Radiation therapy
chemotherapy
hormonal therapies
What is the number one procedure that detects Cervical Cancer
Pap Smear- fist signs of dysplasia
What procedure is conducted after the pap smear comes back abnormal?
Colposcopy
What is the most common histology in Cervical Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma- originates in squamous cell exocervix
True or False
Squamous Cell Carcinoma is worst than Adenocarcinoma in Cervical Cancer
False- Adenocarcinoma
Originates inside the endocervical mucus-producing gland cells
What are the Risk factors for Cervical Cancer
HPV (sub types 16 & 18) Responsible for 99%
Multiple sexual partners, sex at early age
Occurs more often in women over 50
What is the most common staging system for Cervical Cancer
FIGO (very similar to TNM)
What are ways Cervical Cancer spread
Direct extension to uterus, vagina, parametrium, abdomen, rectum, bladder, etc.
Blood- most common to lungs, liver and bone
Breast Cancer Treatments
Surgery
External beam radiation
Brachytherapy
What is the leasing cause of death in gynecologic cancers
Ovarian Cancer
What is the 5th most common gynecologic cancer
Ovarian Cancer
What are the risk factors of Ovarian Cancer
Never giving birth early menarche smoking family history first child 35 and older late menopause BRACA1 & 2 gene immuosuppression
What is the gynecologic fourth most common type of cancer in women in the US
Endometrial Cancer
Histology of Endometrial Cancer
Adenocarcinoma (80%) most common
What are the risk factor for Endometrial Cancer
Hormone obesity never giving birth- late menopause early menarche irregular menstruation diabetes history of infertility tamoxifen hereditary colon cancer
What are signs of endometrial cancers
Post menopausal bleeding
Ovarian clinical presentation
Abdominal or pelvic pain, abdominal distension, vauge gastrointestinal symptoms
Ovarian prognosis
Poor- symptoms do not appear until late stages
advanced stages cause abdominal or pelvic pain, ascites (excess abdominal fluid)
