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Pathology- Nicole Calvin > Female & Male Reproductive System- Plus Breast PPT > Flashcards

Female & Male Reproductive System- Plus Breast PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Testicular Cancer

What is recommended when a male with Testicular cancer going thru chemotherapy do?

A

Provide their sperm to a sperm bank

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2
Q

True or False

Testicular cancers is most common in malignancy in men between the ages of 50-70

A

False

Most common age is 20-34 years of age
Occurs primarily in the 15-35 year old age group

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3
Q

What are the (3) risk of Testicular Cancer

A

Genetic factor
Cryptorchidism- Undescended testicle
Testicle tumor on one side

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4
Q

What are the (2) histologies for Testicular Cancer

A

Seminoma (most common way)
Non-seminoma
Most tumors of the testes are malignant

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5
Q

What are the (2) tumor markers for Testicular Cancer

A

HCG- human chorionic gonadotropin (17% of patients with seminomas have slightly evaluated level of this hormone)

AFP- Alphafetoprotein (usually elevated in non-seminomas)

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6
Q

What are signs of Testicular Cancer

A

Hard painless mass in scrotum
Testis may be enlarged or may feel heavy
Pulling sensation in the scrotum
Eventually dull aching pain in the lower abdomen

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7
Q

Diagnose & Treatment for Testicular Cancer

A

Ultrasound
Radical orchiectomy (both seminoma and non-seminoma) seeding can occur during biopsy
CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis to determine stage and if it has spread
Chemotherapy (late stages)
Radiation Therapy (early stages)
Surgery (early stages)

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8
Q

Prostate Location

A 
Inferior to bladder
Inferior/anterior to seminal vesicles
Posterior to symphysis pubis
Anterior to rectum
Prostate surrounds urethra
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9
Q

What is the second leading cause of cancer in Males

A

Prostate Cancer

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10
Q

What is the most common malignancy is males in the US

A

Prostate Cancer

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11
Q

What is the most common histology for Prostate Cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

What are the (3) risk factors in Prostate Cancer

A 
Increase age (65% occur in men over 65)
Higher in African American males (74% higher)
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13
Q

True of False

BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia) a risk factor in prostate cancer

A

False

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14
Q

What are the (2) tumor markers for prostate cancer

A
  1. elevated PSA

2. PAP (prostate acid phosphatase) may indicate mets

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15
Q

What are symptoms of BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia)

A
  1. obstruction of urinary flow
  2. hesitancy
  3. dribbling
  4. decreased force of urinary stream
  5. catheters
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16
Q

What is BPH

A

Benign prostate hypertrophy or hyperplasia

  • prostate enlarges due to formation of nodules and glandular cells enlarging
  • affects 50% over the age of 65 to some degree
  • gland starts pressing against urethra
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17
Q

Signs and or Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

A

Early stages can be asymptomatic til it reaches a significant size
Decrease in frequency
Frequency
Difficulty in starting
Dysuria
Possible hematuria
Advanced prostate cancer tends to spread to bones

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18
Q

Detection and Diagnoses of Prostate Cancer

A

Physical exam- digital rectum exam 50 years of age up
Abnormality on digital exam- biopsy via transrectal ultrasound
Elevated PSA
Grading- biopsy results (gleason scale)
Radiographic imaging to determine if its spread (mets)

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19
Q

True or False

Liver is the most common metastatic site with prostate cancer

A

False

Bone is the most common metastatic site

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20
Q

What are the Prostate treatments and or managments

A

Observation
Radical prostatectomy or prostatectomy
Radiation (external and or seed implants)
Hormone therapy (cuts of supply of testosterone)
Chemotherapy has limited use

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21
Q

What is the prognosis for prostate cancer

A

92% discovered at early stages- 5 year survival rate 100%

5-year survival rate for late stage 29%

22
Q

What are the risk factors for Breast Cancer

A

Gender (males can have breast cancer)
increases with age
increases with estrogen levels
increased weight in postmenopausal women
early menacrch (period) longer to estrogen levels
late menopause- longer to estrogen levels
nulliparity- (condition of never giving birth)
having first child late
exposure of chest to radiation
hormone replacement
family history_ BRCA1 & 2
fibrocystic disease
cancer in another breast or uterus

23
Q

What are the most common organs/structures breast cancer metastasizes to?

A

Bone, liver, brain, lung

24
Q

What is the most common malignancy in women in the US

A

Breast Cancer

25
Q

Clinical presentation of Breast Cancer

A

Breast mass (mammogram)
Nipple discharge
Skin changes- peau d’orange/skin erythema
Alteration in breast contour
Lymphadenopathy- axillary, supraclavicular

26
Q

Detection and Diagnosis of breast cancer

A 
mammography- screening 
avg. 40-54 every year/ high risk MRI mammo starting at the age of 30
Ultrasound
MRI
Clinical examination 
Self breast exam
Biopsy
27
Q

Breast Cancer Histology

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma- originates in ductal
Carcinoma in situ
Invasive lobular carcinoma- originates in glands or lobules

28
Q

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status

ER

A

+ better prognosis

29
Q

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status

PR

A

+ better prognosis

30
Q

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status

HER2

A

overexpression poor prognosis

poorly differentiated

31
Q

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status

Triple negative breast cancer

A

worse prognosis for receptor status

32
Q

Treatment for Breast Cancer (Surgery)

A

Surgery- breast conserving surgery
mastectomy
lumpectomy (excisional biopsy) removal of tumor with margin of normal appearing tissue
sentinel lymph node biopsy
axillary dissection- removal of a sample of axillary nodes

33
Q

Treatment for Breast Cancer (combination treatments)

A

Radiation therapy
chemotherapy
hormonal therapies

34
Q

What is the number one procedure that detects Cervical Cancer

A

Pap Smear- fist signs of dysplasia

35
Q

What procedure is conducted after the pap smear comes back abnormal?

A

Colposcopy

36
Q

What is the most common histology in Cervical Cancer

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma- originates in squamous cell exocervix

37
Q

True or False

Squamous Cell Carcinoma is worst than Adenocarcinoma in Cervical Cancer

A

False- Adenocarcinoma

Originates inside the endocervical mucus-producing gland cells

38
Q

What are the Risk factors for Cervical Cancer

A

HPV (sub types 16 & 18) Responsible for 99%
Multiple sexual partners, sex at early age
Occurs more often in women over 50

39
Q

What is the most common staging system for Cervical Cancer

A

FIGO (very similar to TNM)

40
Q

What are ways Cervical Cancer spread

A

Direct extension to uterus, vagina, parametrium, abdomen, rectum, bladder, etc.
Blood- most common to lungs, liver and bone

41
Q

Breast Cancer Treatments

A

Surgery
External beam radiation
Brachytherapy

42
Q

What is the leasing cause of death in gynecologic cancers

A

Ovarian Cancer

43
Q

What is the 5th most common gynecologic cancer

A

Ovarian Cancer

44
Q

What are the risk factors of Ovarian Cancer

A 
Never giving birth
early menarche
smoking
family history
first child 35 and older
late menopause
BRACA1 & 2 gene
immuosuppression
45
Q

What is the gynecologic fourth most common type of cancer in women in the US

A

Endometrial Cancer

46
Q

Histology of Endometrial Cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma (80%) most common

47
Q

What are the risk factor for Endometrial Cancer

A 
Hormone
obesity
never giving birth- 
late menopause
early menarche
irregular menstruation
diabetes
history of infertility
tamoxifen
hereditary colon cancer
48
Q

What are signs of endometrial cancers

A

Post menopausal bleeding

49
Q

Ovarian clinical presentation

A

Abdominal or pelvic pain, abdominal distension, vauge gastrointestinal symptoms

50
Q

Ovarian prognosis

A

Poor- symptoms do not appear until late stages

advanced stages cause abdominal or pelvic pain, ascites (excess abdominal fluid)

Pathology- Nicole Calvin (40 decks)

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