Digestive System PPT Flashcards
What are the top (3) Cancers in Male estimated new cases
Prostate
Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum
What are the top (3) Cancers in Women estimated new cases
Breast
Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum
What are the top (3) Cancers in estimated deaths in Male
Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum
Prostate
What are the top (3) Cancers in estimated deaths in Women
Lung & Bronchus
Breast
Colon & Rectum
What is the Digestive System made up of?
Gastrointestinal Tract
Upper Tract- mouth, esophagus & stomach
Lower Tract- Intestines
Accessory Structures- Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas
Colorectal Cancer:
Epidemiology and Incidence
More common in men than woman
More than 90% of cases occur in people older than 50 years of age
Declining in people over 50
Increases in people under 50
Colorectal Cancer:
Risk Factors
Increase age
Diet high in animal fat and low in fiber
Diet high in processed and red meats and low in fruit and veggies
Obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, minimal physical activity
family history
chronic ulcerative colitis
polyps (precursor to cancer development)- size type
Colorectal Cancer:
Signs and Symptoms
Rectal bleeding blood in stool change in bowel habits feeling that the bowel is not empty symptoms vary depending on part of the colon effected
Colorectal Cancer:
Screening
Starting at age 50
Colonoscopy
Colorectal Cancer:
Prognosis
Depends on how far into the bowel wall it is Nodal involvement Metastasis 5-year survival rate 65% 10- year survival rate 58% 5- year survival rate 90% if found early
Colorectal Cancer:
- Routes of Spread
- Treatment
- Direct extension, lymphatics, blood, seeding, tends to spread in a radial fashion, rather than longitudinally
- Surgery (it has not spread, colostomy, radiation, chemo)
Intestinal tract- What are the (5) continuous layers?
- Inner layer: includes mucus producing cells, mucus protects tissue and facilitates passage of contents thru tube.
- Epithelial cells: rapid turnover, rate bc of wear and tear
- Submucosal Layer: connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and secretory glands
- Muscularis: circular smooth muscle fibers, longitudinal smooth muscle fibers, both muscle fibers responsible for transport of food thru tract
- Outer layer- Serosa: connective tissue layer, peritoneum
Pancreatic Cancer
Epidemiology and Incidence
More common in men then women
accounts for about 2% of cancers diagnosed annually in US
rare in people younger than 45
occurs most often in patients 50-80 years old
Pancreatic Cancer
Risk Factors
increase in age
cigarette smoking (twice the risk)
family history
Pancreatic Cancer
Signs and Symptoms
Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Anorexia
Weight loss
Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment
Surgery, chemo, radiation therapy
Pancreas- anatomy (Location to other organ or structures)
Gland that extends across the abdomen from its tail
(abutting the spleen) to its head, largest end (encircled by the duodenum)
Retroperitoneal organ
Lies posterior to stomach
What are the Pancreatic juices made up of?
amylase (digests carbohydrates)
lipase (digest fat)
Esophageal Cancer
Epidemiology and incidence
Most common in men than women
3 to 4 times
Accounts for 1% of all cancers in the US
Usually diagnosed in patients between 55-85
Esophageal Cancer
Risk Factors
80 to 90% of cases associated with alcohol and tobacco abuse
increases with the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day and alcohol consumed
Esophageal Cancer
Signs and Symptoms
dysphagia, weight loss, food sticking in throat or chest
burning sensation similar to heart burn
Esophageal Cancer
Other risk factors
Barett’s esophagus- mucosal change in distal esophagus from stratified squamous columnar die to reflex leads to adenocarcinoma
GERD- may lead to adenocarcinoma
Achalasia- may lead to squamous cell carcinoma
Plummer-Vinsion syndrome- may lead to squamous cell carcinoma
Tylosis-mutation in chromosome 17, may lead to squamous cell carcinoma
Liver- anatomy, functions and or structures near by
- Located in URQ of abdomen
- Largest gland in body
- Liver cells regenerate (hepatocytes)
- Gluoneogenesis- conversion of protein and fat into glucose
- Bile is secreted by liver
Liver Cancer
epidemiology & incidence
More common in men than women (3 times more)
Liver Cancer
Risk Factors
Chronic Hep B and C infections heavy alcohol consumption diabetes obesity smoking tobacco genetics
Liver Cancer
Signs & Symptoms
weight loss, loss of appetite, feeling very full after a small meal, mass, itching, swelling or fluid buildup in abdomen, jaundice
Cancers of the oral cavity region
- lip
- floor of mouth
- tongue
- buccal mucosa
- the hard palate
- the soft palate
- the retromolar trigone
Liver Cancer
- Prognosis
- Treatment
- 5 year survival rate for all stages is 18%, localized disease 31%
- surgery, radiation (used for palliative) target therapies
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
- mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
- digestion of carbohydrates begins in mouth with enzyme amylase from saliva
- When stomach is empty stomach wall falls into folds (rugae)
- Digestion of proteins begin in the stomach
What are the (3) sections in the small intestine?
- duodenum- digestion continues here
- Jejunum
- Ileum- major site of absorption of nutrients (Ileocecal valve marks the entry point from the ileum into the large intestine)
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract consist of what?
Small intestines (section in other flashcard) Large intestine- Cecum-vermiform appendix it attached to it, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis A- contaminated water, shellfish
Hepatitis B- Transmitted by infected blood
Hepatitis C- May be transmitted by blood, transfusion and other fluids- no vaccine
Hepatitis D- HBV present, blood transmission
Hepatitis E- spreads oral fecal route
Functions of the Gallbladder
- contract releasing bile into duodenum
- bile is major vehicle for cholesterol excretion, if crystallizes forms gallstone
- blockage of the bile ducts causes jaundice
What are two disorders of the digestive system
Celiac disease- gluten free diet
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease- crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis
Other major disorders of the digestive system
- Intestinal obstruction- mechanical & functional
- Appendicitis- inflammation and infection in the vermiform appendix
- Peritonitis- inflammation of the peritoneal membrane
Digestive system
Diagnostic Tests
X-ray with barium contrast (oral or enema)
ultrasound
CT
MRI
sigmoidoscopy & colonoscopy
laboratory analysis (stool and or gastric sample)
blood test
Disorder in which liver demonstrates extensive diffuse fibrosis and loss of lobular organization
Cirrhosis- Leads to liver failure
50% alcohol related
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
Dental problems- caries, gingivitis, periodontist, periodontal disease
Hyperkeratosis- leukoplakia- whitish plague or epidermal thickening of mucosa that occurs on the buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip
Double layer of peritoneum that supports the intestines and conveys blood vessels and nerves to supply the wall of the intestine
Mesentery
Ball of food
Bolus
Fatty diarrhea
Steatorrhea
Refers to red blood, often on the surface of the stool
Frank blood
Refers to small, hidden amounts of blood that are not visible to the eye but are detectable on test of a stool specimen
Occult blood
Refers to dark colored (tarry) stool that results from significant bleeding that has occurred higher in digestive tract. Dark in color caused by intestinal bacteria
Melena
Pain that is perceived as site distant from its origin
Referred pain
Refers to formation of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Blood in the vomitus, brown, granular material resulting from the partial digestion in the stomach of protein in the blood.
Hematemesis
Dry Mouth
Xerostomia
Itching
Pruritus
Folds in the stomach
Rugae
Liver cells
Hypatocytes
Gastric content
Chyme
Pancreatic Cancer Prognosis
Tumor at head of pancreas causes early symptoms
Tumor in body and tail of pancreas remains asymptomatic until advanced
Liver failure is often cause of death
Consider one of the deadliest
overall survival rate 8%
