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Pathology- Nicole Calvin > Digestive System PPT > Flashcards

Digestive System PPT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top (3) Cancers in Male estimated new cases

A

Prostate
Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum

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2
Q

What are the top (3) Cancers in Women estimated new cases

A

Breast
Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum

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3
Q

What are the top (3) Cancers in estimated deaths in Male

A

Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum
Prostate

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4
Q

What are the top (3) Cancers in estimated deaths in Women

A

Lung & Bronchus
Breast
Colon & Rectum

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5
Q

What is the Digestive System made up of?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract
Upper Tract- mouth, esophagus & stomach
Lower Tract- Intestines
Accessory Structures- Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas

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6
Q

Colorectal Cancer:

Epidemiology and Incidence

A

More common in men than woman
More than 90% of cases occur in people older than 50 years of age
Declining in people over 50
Increases in people under 50

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7
Q

Colorectal Cancer:

Risk Factors

A

Increase age
Diet high in animal fat and low in fiber
Diet high in processed and red meats and low in fruit and veggies
Obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, minimal physical activity
family history
chronic ulcerative colitis
polyps (precursor to cancer development)- size type

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8
Q

Colorectal Cancer:

Signs and Symptoms

A 
Rectal bleeding
blood in stool
change in bowel habits
feeling that the bowel is not empty
symptoms vary depending on part of the colon effected
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9
Q

Colorectal Cancer:

Screening

A

Starting at age 50

Colonoscopy

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10
Q

Colorectal Cancer:

Prognosis

A 
Depends on how far into the bowel wall it is
Nodal involvement 
Metastasis
5-year survival rate 65%
10- year survival rate 58%
5- year survival rate 90% if found early
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11
Q

Colorectal Cancer:

  1. Routes of Spread
  2. Treatment
A
  1. Direct extension, lymphatics, blood, seeding, tends to spread in a radial fashion, rather than longitudinally
  2. Surgery (it has not spread, colostomy, radiation, chemo)
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12
Q

Intestinal tract- What are the (5) continuous layers?

A
  1. Inner layer: includes mucus producing cells, mucus protects tissue and facilitates passage of contents thru tube.
  2. Epithelial cells: rapid turnover, rate bc of wear and tear
  3. Submucosal Layer: connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and secretory glands
  4. Muscularis: circular smooth muscle fibers, longitudinal smooth muscle fibers, both muscle fibers responsible for transport of food thru tract
  5. Outer layer- Serosa: connective tissue layer, peritoneum
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13
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

Epidemiology and Incidence

A

More common in men then women
accounts for about 2% of cancers diagnosed annually in US
rare in people younger than 45
occurs most often in patients 50-80 years old

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14
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

Risk Factors

A

increase in age
cigarette smoking (twice the risk)
family history

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15
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

Signs and Symptoms

A

Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Anorexia
Weight loss

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16
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment

A

Surgery, chemo, radiation therapy

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17
Q

Pancreas- anatomy (Location to other organ or structures)

A

Gland that extends across the abdomen from its tail
(abutting the spleen) to its head, largest end (encircled by the duodenum)
Retroperitoneal organ
Lies posterior to stomach

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18
Q

What are the Pancreatic juices made up of?

A

amylase (digests carbohydrates)

lipase (digest fat)

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19
Q

Esophageal Cancer

Epidemiology and incidence

A

Most common in men than women
3 to 4 times
Accounts for 1% of all cancers in the US
Usually diagnosed in patients between 55-85

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20
Q

Esophageal Cancer

Risk Factors

A

80 to 90% of cases associated with alcohol and tobacco abuse
increases with the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day and alcohol consumed

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21
Q

Esophageal Cancer

Signs and Symptoms

A

dysphagia, weight loss, food sticking in throat or chest

burning sensation similar to heart burn

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22
Q

Esophageal Cancer

Other risk factors

A

Barett’s esophagus- mucosal change in distal esophagus from stratified squamous columnar die to reflex leads to adenocarcinoma

GERD- may lead to adenocarcinoma
Achalasia- may lead to squamous cell carcinoma
Plummer-Vinsion syndrome- may lead to squamous cell carcinoma
Tylosis-mutation in chromosome 17, may lead to squamous cell carcinoma

23
Q

Liver- anatomy, functions and or structures near by

A
  1. Located in URQ of abdomen
  2. Largest gland in body
  3. Liver cells regenerate (hepatocytes)
  4. Gluoneogenesis- conversion of protein and fat into glucose
  5. Bile is secreted by liver
24
Q

Liver Cancer

epidemiology & incidence

A

More common in men than women (3 times more)

25
Q

Liver Cancer

Risk Factors

A 
Chronic Hep B and C infections
heavy alcohol consumption 
diabetes
obesity 
smoking tobacco 
genetics
26
Q

Liver Cancer

Signs & Symptoms

A

weight loss, loss of appetite, feeling very full after a small meal, mass, itching, swelling or fluid buildup in abdomen, jaundice

27
Q

Cancers of the oral cavity region

A
  1. lip
  2. floor of mouth
  3. tongue
  4. buccal mucosa
  5. the hard palate
  6. the soft palate
  7. the retromolar trigone
28
Q

Liver Cancer

  1. Prognosis
  2. Treatment
A
  1. 5 year survival rate for all stages is 18%, localized disease 31%
  2. surgery, radiation (used for palliative) target therapies
29
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
  • digestion of carbohydrates begins in mouth with enzyme amylase from saliva
  • When stomach is empty stomach wall falls into folds (rugae)
  • Digestion of proteins begin in the stomach
30
Q

What are the (3) sections in the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum- digestion continues here
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum- major site of absorption of nutrients (Ileocecal valve marks the entry point from the ileum into the large intestine)
31
Q

Lower Gastrointestinal Tract consist of what?

A 
Small intestines (section in other flashcard)
Large intestine- Cecum-vermiform appendix it attached to it, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal
32
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis A- contaminated water, shellfish
Hepatitis B- Transmitted by infected blood
Hepatitis C- May be transmitted by blood, transfusion and other fluids- no vaccine
Hepatitis D- HBV present, blood transmission
Hepatitis E- spreads oral fecal route

33
Q

Functions of the Gallbladder

A
  • contract releasing bile into duodenum
  • bile is major vehicle for cholesterol excretion, if crystallizes forms gallstone
  • blockage of the bile ducts causes jaundice
34
Q

What are two disorders of the digestive system

A

Celiac disease- gluten free diet

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease- crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis

35
Q

Other major disorders of the digestive system

A
  • Intestinal obstruction- mechanical & functional
  • Appendicitis- inflammation and infection in the vermiform appendix
  • Peritonitis- inflammation of the peritoneal membrane
36
Q

Digestive system

Diagnostic Tests

A

X-ray with barium contrast (oral or enema)
ultrasound
CT
MRI
sigmoidoscopy & colonoscopy
laboratory analysis (stool and or gastric sample)
blood test

37
Q

Disorder in which liver demonstrates extensive diffuse fibrosis and loss of lobular organization

A

Cirrhosis- Leads to liver failure

50% alcohol related

38
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders

A

Dental problems- caries, gingivitis, periodontist, periodontal disease
Hyperkeratosis- leukoplakia- whitish plague or epidermal thickening of mucosa that occurs on the buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip

39
Q

Double layer of peritoneum that supports the intestines and conveys blood vessels and nerves to supply the wall of the intestine

A

Mesentery

40
Q

Ball of food

A

Bolus

41
Q

Fatty diarrhea

A

Steatorrhea

42
Q

Refers to red blood, often on the surface of the stool

A

Frank blood

43
Q

Refers to small, hidden amounts of blood that are not visible to the eye but are detectable on test of a stool specimen

A

Occult blood

44
Q

Refers to dark colored (tarry) stool that results from significant bleeding that has occurred higher in digestive tract. Dark in color caused by intestinal bacteria

A

Melena

45
Q

Pain that is perceived as site distant from its origin

A

Referred pain

46
Q

Refers to formation of gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

47
Q

Blood in the vomitus, brown, granular material resulting from the partial digestion in the stomach of protein in the blood.

A

Hematemesis

48
Q

Dry Mouth

A

Xerostomia

49
Q

Itching

A

Pruritus

50
Q

Folds in the stomach

A

Rugae

51
Q

Liver cells

A

Hypatocytes

52
Q

Gastric content

A

Chyme

53
Q

Pancreatic Cancer Prognosis

A

Tumor at head of pancreas causes early symptoms
Tumor in body and tail of pancreas remains asymptomatic until advanced
Liver failure is often cause of death
Consider one of the deadliest
overall survival rate 8%

Pathology- Nicole Calvin (40 decks)

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