Inflammation

Question 1

Which line of defense is inflammation?

Is is specific or non specific?

Answer 1

2nd

non-specific

Question 2

What are the 5 possible causes of inflammation?

Answer 2

1) Direct physical damage (cuts, sprains)
2) Chemical (acids, drain cleaners)
3) Ischemia, Infarction
4) Allergic reactions, extremes of heat or cold
5) Foreign bodies such as splinters or glass and infection

Question 3

Terms of Inflammation-
Stomach
Liver
Large Intestine
Tendon

Answer 3

1) Gastritis
2) Hepatitis
3) Colitis
4) Tendinitis

Question 4

Mechanical barriers, enzymes and chemicals which block entry into the tissue. (Ex: skin acts as mechanical barrier. Saliva or tears contain enzymes and chemicals that inactivate or destroy potentially damaging material.

Answer 4

First line of defense

Question 5

Phagocytosis and inflammation are examples of the second line of defense. Process whereby neutrophils and macrophages randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris and foreign matter

Answer 5

Second line of defense

Question 6

Immune system which provides protection by stimulating the production of antibodies following exposure to specific substances.

Answer 6

Third line of defense

Question 7

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation and what causes these signs to occur?

Answer 7

Redness and warmth (due to increase blood flow into the damaged area)
Swelling or Edema (due to the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space)
Pain ( due to the increased pressure of fluid on the nerves)
Loss of function may also occur (due to swelling which interferes with mechanical function restricting joint movement.)

Question 8

Inflammatory Response
a. Neutrophils
b. Basophils
c .Eosinophils
d. T-lymphocytes
e. B-lymphocytes
f. Monocytes
g. Macrophages

Answer 8

a. phagocytosis of microorganisms
b. release of histamine leading to inflammation
c. increases with allergic responses
d. active in cell-mediated immune response
e. produce antibodies
f. phagocytosis
g. active in phagocytosis

Question 9

Which type of exudate increases the risk of scar tissue?

Answer 9

Fibrinous (thick and sticky and have a high cell and fibrin content)

Question 10

Which type of exudate usually indicates a bacterial infection?

Answer 10

Purulent (thick, yellow-green in color and contains more leukocytes and cell debris as well as microorganisms)

Question 11

List some adverse effects of aspirin

Answer 11

allergic response, delays blood clotting, GI stress, stomach ulcer

Question 12

If aspirin is given to a child with a viral infection, what might develop?

Answer 12

believe to contribute to the development of Reye’s syndrome

Question 13

What is a fever reducer?

Answer 13

Tylenol, aspirin and ibuprofen

Question 14

What are pain killers?

Answer 14

Tylenol, aspirin, ibuprofen and celebrex

Question 15

What are anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 15

Aspirin, ibuprofen, prednisone, celebrex

Question 16

A process of healing when there is minimal tissue damaged. The damage cells recover and the tissue returns to normal within a short period of time.

Answer 16

Resolution

Types of healing

Question 17

A process of healing in damaged tissue where the cells are capable of mitosis such as epithelial cells, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, and osteocytes. The damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue by proliferation of nearby cells.

Answer 17

Regeneration- is not possible for nerve tissue, skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle.
(Types of healing)

Question 18

A process of healing by the formation of connective tissue. (fibrous or scar tissue) Occurs when there is extensive tissue damage or the cells are incapable of mitosis. The wound gets filled in with some form of tissue (fibrous or scar) brain or cardiac muscle

Answer 18

Replacement

Types of healing

Question 19

Classify terms- Infection or Inflammation

a. Sunburn
b. Skin rash under adhesive tape
c. Common Cold
d. Red, swollen eye with purulent exudate

Answer 19

a. inflammation (burn)
b. inflammation (allergy)
c. infection (microorganisms)
d. infection

Question 20

Explain why a young child taking prednisone for chronic kidney inflammation is at high risk for infection and might need prophylactic antibiotics

Answer 20

Prednisone decreases the immune response, causes atrophy of lymphoid tissue, decreases the number of leukocytes, and suppresses the inflammatory response, thus decreasing resistance to infection.

Question 21

Suggest why healing is slow in the elderly

Answer 21

1) Circulation may be impaired
2) decreasing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to site
3) Metabolic rate is decreased, slowing protein synthesis and cell mitosis
4) taking medications for too long
5) chronic diseases- diabetes

Question 22

1) Blood clot forms and seals area
2) Inflammation develops in the surrounding area
3) over 3 or 4 days, foreign material and cell debris are removed by phagocytes, monoctyes and macrophages and then granulation tissue grows into the gap from nearby connective tissue.
4) Epithelial cells that are nearby undergo mitosis and spread across the wound
5) Fibroblasts and connective tissue cells enter the area and produce collagen is produced
6) New blood vessels develop
7) The collagen fibers shorten and form a tight, strong scar

Answer 22

The healing process

Question 23

How are infection and inflammation related

Answer 23

Infection can cause inflammation but they are not the same. When inflammation is caused by an infection, microorganism are present at the site of inflammation (bacteria, virus, fungi). The microorganism can then be identified and treatment to reduce the infection can then be administered to help the inflammation subside.