Nervous System

Question 1

A group of speech and language disorders resulting from brain damage

Answer 1

Aphasia

Question 2

The outer layer, is a tough fibrous, double layer membrane that separates at specific points to form the dural sinuses, which collect venous blood and CSF for return to the general circulation

Answer 2

Dura mater

Question 3

a loose, web-like covering, is the middle layer

Answer 3

Arachnoid

Question 4

a delicate connective tissue that adheres closely to all convolutions on the surface of the brain, is the inner layer. Many small blood vessels are found in

Answer 4

Pia mater

Question 5

Is an infection, usually of bacterial origin, in the meninges of the CNS

Answer 5

Meningitis

Question 6

A state of extreme lethargy, unawareness, and unresponsiveness

Answer 6

Stupor

Question 7

Severe headache, back pain, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity (a hyperextended, stiff neck) Two other clinical signs of meningeal irritation include the Kernig sign (resistance to leg extension when lying with the hip flexed) and the Brudzinski sign (neck flexion causes flexion of hip and knee).

Answer 7

signs and symptoms of Meningitis

Question 8

A CVA or stroke is an infarction of brain tissue resulting from a thrombus, embolus, or hemorrhage causing permanent loss of brain tissue; May result from atheroma, embolus, or hemorrhage causing total loss of blood supply to an area of the brain and subsequent infarction

Answer 8

What is a cerebrovascular accident and what is the cause

Question 9

loss of memory

Answer 9

Amnesia

Question 10

: is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates within the skull, compressing the brain tissue and blood vessels

Answer 10

hydrocephalus

Question 11

is considered an infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue in the brain and cord.

Answer 11

encephalitis

Question 12

death or destruction of tissue

Answer 12

necrosis

Question 13

a protective mechanism provided primarily by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain.

Answer 13

Blood Brain Barrier

Question 14

a fold of dura mater, or the outer covering of the brain; separates these compartments

Answer 14

tentorium

Question 15

procedures are performed if the tumor location is accessible and the tumor volume is large.

Answer 15

Debulking

Question 16

toward the center; for example, afferent nerves carry impulses toward the central nervous system.

Answer 16

Afferent

Question 17

moving away from the center; for example, efferent nerve fibers carry motor impulses to muscles.

Answer 17

Efferent

Question 18

a collection of nerve cell bodies, usually outside the central nervous system.

Answer 18

Ganglion

Question 19

Central Nervous System-

Detection and Diagnosis

Answer 19

Neurologic workup
CT
MRI
PET

Question 20

Central Nervous System-

Treatment

Answer 20

Surgery
Debulking
Depends on location
Radiation Therapy
Chemo-limited due to Blood Brain Barrior (BBB)
Many chemo drugs cannot pass through the BBB

Question 21

Central Nervous System-

Patterns of Spread

Answer 21

Spreads through local invasion and seeding
Gliomas-local invasion (no capsule to contain them)
Medulloblastomas-seeding via CSF (craniospinal treatment)

Question 22

Central Nervous System-

Signs and or symptoms

Answer 22

Clinical Presentation of brain tumors (depends on location)
Headache
Seizures
Balance issues
Mental status change, personality or behavior changes
Blurred vision
Clinical Presentation of spinal cord tumors (depends on location)
Pain, weakness, loss of sensation, bowel and bladder control problems
Can be a radiation therapy emergency

Question 23

Central Nervous System-

Grading

Answer 23

Uses a grading system rather than a staging system
Grade I – IV (see box 32-2 on page 688 W/L)
Rarely spreads to other parts of the body but will grow and invade surrounding area
As they continue to grow, will progress from a low-grade tumor to a higher grade tumor

Question 24

Central Nervous System-

Prognosis

Answer 24

Based on grade or type of tumor, rate of growth, and location and patient function level (Karnofsky performance scale)
Patient’s age also play important roll in prognosis

Question 25

Central Nervous System-

Types of Tumors

Answer 25

Gliomas-develops in the glial cells, most common type Approx. 30% of all tumors are gliomas and approx. 80% of all malignant tumors are gliomas
Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma-only 2.2% survive 3 years) These both fall under the larger classification of Gliomas
Medulloblastoma –most common malignant nervous system tumors of childhood-

Question 26

True or False

Most malignant brain tumors are metastatic, not primary brain tumors

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Central Nervous System-

Spinal Cord

Answer 27

-CSF Provides a cushion for brain and spinal cord

20% of CNS tumors are involve the spinal cord

Question 28

Central Nervous System-

Brain

Answer 28

Protected by skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
80% of CNS tumors are in the Brain
2nd leading cause of cancer death in children

Question 29

Central Nervous System-

CNS tumors are relatively rare (1.4%)

Answer 29

Varies by age (2nd leading cause of cancer death in children)
Peaks at certain ages 
Between ages of 3 and 12
Between ages 50 and 80 
Varies by age (2nd leading cause of cancer death in children)
Peaks at certain ages 
Between ages of 3 and 12
Between ages 50 and 80

Question 30

Areas of the brain-

Diencephalon

Answer 30

Central portion of the brain surrounded by the Hemispheres

Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Question 31

Areas of the brain-

Cerebrum

Answer 31

Largest portion of the brain
Function
Interpretation of sensory impulses and voluntary muscular activities
Memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence and emotions

Question 32

Areas of the brain-

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Answer 32

Inferior portion which connects to spinal cord

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla

Question 33

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

Ganglia, Sensory Neurons, Neuromuscular Junctions

Answer 33

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 34

Brian and Spinal cord

Answer 34

Central Nervous System