Reproductive System HW

Question 1

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 1

One or both of the testes fails to descend into the proper position (scrotum) happens in third trimester of pregnancy. (Increases risks of testicular cancer)

Question 2

What age group is most susceptible to testicular cancer

Answer 2

15-35 year old group

Question 3

How does testicular cancer treatment affect fertility and as a result what might the patient choose to do in order to ensure he can still have children

Answer 3

Chemotherapy commonly causes infertility during treatment . Radiation is thought not to affect the patients fertility but a small dose does reach the opposite testicle. (It is necessary to donate sperm to sperm bank before treatment starts)

Question 4

What is BPH

Answer 4

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy-Enlarged prostate (hyperplasia of prostate tissue)

• Not associated with prostate cancer
• Common in men over 65
• Can lead to compression of urethra and obstruction of urine
• Referred to as Hypertrophy but change is actual Hyperplasia
• Formation of nodules surrounding the urethra

Question 5

What is the most common malignancy of males in the US

Answer 5

Prostate Cancer

Question 6

What is PSA and what is its relationship to prostate cancer

Answer 6

Prostate specific antigen

It is a serum marker which can indicate a higher risk for prostate cancer if elevated

Question 7

What are uterine fibroids

Answer 7

Leiomyoma- benign tumor of the myometrium of the uterus

Question 8

Most common malignancy in women in US

Answer 8

Breast Cancer

Question 9

What is the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer

Answer 9

Increased estrogen levels increase the risk of breast cancer

Question 10

Fine needle biopsy

Answer 10

small needle gauge attached to syringe where blood or tissue is collected from a suspicious tissue in the breast. Material is prepared on slides for cytologic evaluation. (Can also be used with ultrasound to confirm the disease status in the axilla)

Question 11

Core needle biopsy

Answer 11

Large gauge- aspirate a core of tissue from the breast mass. Pathologist examines tissue histologically. More definitive histology diagnosis compared to fine needle

Question 12

Excisional biopsy

Answer 12

Removal of entire lesion

Question 13

Explain what DCIS is

Answer 13

Ductal Carcinoma In situ
It is confined to the preexisting duct system of the breast without penetration of the basement membrane and invasion of surrounding tissues on microscopic examination

Question 14

What are the two most common type of invasion breast cancers

Answer 14

Invasion ductal carcinoma (infiltrating ductal carcinoma) and invasive lobular carcinoma

Question 15

What age group has the worst prognosis for breast cancer

Answer 15

Younger age (under 35) worst survival rate

Question 16

In patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, prophylactic mastectomies reduce the risk of development of breast cancer by __________ percent?

Answer 16

More than 90%

Question 17

Endometriosis

Answer 17

• Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments or colon.
• Ectopic endometrium still responds to hormones by growing and then shedding during the menstrual cycle, due to no exit the blood causes irritation, inflammation, pain and eventually fibrous tissues that can cause infertility.

Question 18

What percentage of ovarian cancer is detected at early stages

Answer 18

25%

Question 19

What is the best screening tool for cervical cancer

Answer 19

Pap smear

Question 20

What is the most common presenting symptom in cervical cancer

Answer 20

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Question 21

What are the two main parts of the uterus

Answer 21

Fundus and Cervix (body)

Question 22

What is the most common presenting symptom in cervical cancer

Answer 22

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Question 23

What are the two most common histological types of cervical cancer

Answer 23

Squamous cell carcinoma 80-90%

Adenocarcinoma 10-20%

Question 24

Which histology is a worst prognosis in cervical cancer?

Answer 24

Adenocarcinoma

Question 25

What is the most common type of gynecologic malignancy

Answer 25

Endometrial

Question 26

What is the most common histology for Endometrial cancer

Answer 26

Adenocarcinoma

Question 27

What is the most common presenting symptom of endometrial cancer

Answer 27

Postmenopausal bleeding

Question 28

Is a pap smear used to screen for endometrial cancer

Answer 28

No

Question 29

Why is there such a high mortality rate for ovarian cancer

Answer 29

More than 70% are diagnosed at advanced stages due to very vague symptoms

Question 30

What is the relationship to BRACA1 and BRACA2 and to ovarian cancer

Answer 30

Presence of mutated BRACA1 and BRACA2 genes increases the risk of ovarian cancer

Question 31

What tumor marker is associated with ovarian cancer

Answer 31

CA125

Question 32

Where is the perineum located in Males and Women

Answer 32

Between the scrotum and anus in males

Between the vagina and anus

Question 33

Why is the cure rate for cervical cancer better than the cure rate for ovarian cancer

Answer 33

Cervical cancer can be detected earlier thru pap screening. There is no early detection for Ovarian and it lacks symptoms until advanced stages.

Question 34

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer

Answer 34

Multiple sex partners, sexual intercourse at an early age, STD- herpes simplex type 2 and HPV. HPV is responsible for nearly 99% of cervical cancer. Oral contraceptives with estrogen alone, smoking, hormonal factors, obesity, low socioeconomic status, nulliparity (never delivered a child) and immunosuppression

Question 35

What are the risk factors for endometrial cancers

Answer 35

Exposure to estrogen that is not hindered by progesterone. Estrogen replacement therapy, obesity, late menopause, nulliparity, early menarche, irregular menstruation, diabetes, a history of infertility and hereditary colon cancer. Women taking Tamoxifen

Question 36

Define Nadir as it relates to prostate cancer

Answer 36

PSA nadir is the lowest level that the PSA reaches following treatment. It’s an indication of how effective treatment was and how likely cancer is to recur but the nadir needs to be maintained to be a good indication of the effectiveness of treatment. Measurements are taken over a period of time.