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Pathology- Nicole Calvin > Quizlet- Respiratory System > Flashcards

Quizlet- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

Supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

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2
Q

Region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

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3
Q

Common passageway for air and food and descends to point of separation of esophagus and trachea

A

Oropharynx

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4
Q

Protects the opening into the larynx, by flipping up or down with swallowing or breathing

A

Epiglottis

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5
Q

Located in the oropharynx and protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route

A

Palatine Tonsils (tonsils)

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6
Q

The inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into the larynx and the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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7
Q
  • Starts below the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage
  • Adams apple, cricoid cartilage, upper pair of vocal chords
  • False pair, lower pair of vocal chords
  • True vocal chords, Glottis
  • True vocal chords and the space between them
A

Larynx

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8
Q

Nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, into trachea

A

Upper respiratory tract

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9
Q

Contains resident flora, air is warmed and moistened as passed through nasal cavity (when air is passed through the mouth, it is not warmed, moistened or filtered)

A

Nose and nasal passages

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10
Q

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Lined by respiratory mucosa, pseudostratified columnar epithelium which has goblet cells and cilia; mucous traps debris and cilia sweeps it away

A

Paranasal sinuses

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11
Q

Posterior wall of nasopharynx contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids-lymphoid tissue)

A

Nasopharynx

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12
Q

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

A

Lower respiratory tract

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13
Q
  • Begins at inferior border of larynx, ends at level of T5 where it bifurcates
  • This bifurcation radiographically is called the carina and corresponds to the level of T4 and T5
  • Composed of rings of cartilage, smooth muscle and elastic tissue
  • Air proceeds from the trachea to the right and left bronchus
A

Trachea (Windpipe)

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14
Q

Larger and straighter so more likely destination for any aspirated material

A

Right Bronchus

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15
Q

Where bronchus enters lung

A

Hilum

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16
Q

Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

A

Bronchial tree

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17
Q

Become smaller cartilage rings diminish and smooth muscle increases allows contraction and relaxation

A

Bronchi

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18
Q
  • Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
  • Contain macrophages which remove foreign debris that penetrates them
A

Alveoli

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19
Q

Two cone shaped spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart, enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

A

Lungs

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20
Q

Located in the center of the chest between the lungs, which contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus and trachea

A

Mediastinum

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21
Q

A dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs

A

Diaphragm

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22
Q

Lung Lobes

A

3 in right lung

2 in left lung

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23
Q

Double-layered (walled) serous membrane (sac) that encloses and protects each lung

A

Pleural Membrane

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24
Q

Attached to the surface (outside) of the lung

A

Visceral Pleura

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25
Q

Outer layer of pleura attached to the ribs and chest wall and diaphragm

A

Parietal Pleura

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26
Q

Separates visceral and parietal pleura, contains small amount of fluid

A

Pleural Cavity

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27
Q

Ribs, vertebrae, sternum, providing rigid protection for the lungs

A

Thorax Consists

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28
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs

2 Floating T11 T12

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29
Q

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right main-stem bronchi T4-T5

A

Carina

30
Q
  • 2nd most common type of cancer in both men and women
  • Leading cause of cancer related deaths in both men and women
  • Most common cause of lung cancer is tobacco exposure
  • 87% of lung cancer cases are a result of smoking tobacco (American Cancer Society)
  • Most people diagnosed are 65 or older
  • Spouses of smokers have a 30% greater risk of developing lung cancer compared with nonsmokers
  • 30% of all Cancer related deaths are associated with smoking tobacco
A

Lung Cancer

31
Q

Cancerous tumor originating in a bronchial epithelium most common type malignant lung tumor

A

Brochogenic carcinoma

32
Q

No small cell lung cancer- NSCLC

A

80-85% of lung cancer

33
Q

Develops near the hilum and projects into the airways

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

34
Q

The most common cancer of the general population, especially in women who are non-smokers. It is located periphery with tumor cells forming gland-like structures.

A

Adenocarcinoma of the lung

35
Q

Oat cell (rapidly growing)
10-15% of lung cancers
Rare for anyone who has never smoked
Very poor prognosis- usually receive prophylactic cranial irradiation

A

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

36
Q

A tumor of the pulmonary apex
Top end of the right or left lung
Most are NSCLC

A

Pancoast Tumor

37
Q

Cause: Superior vena cava obstruction- increase venous pressure
- Produces edema of the upper body, cyanosis, dilated subcutaneous collateral vessels in the chest, and headache. Cervical lymphadenopathy may also be present as a result of either stasis or metastatic involvement

A

SVC Syndrome

38
Q

More than 90% is d/t malignancy
#1 bronchogenic carcinoma- invasion of SVC 70%
#2 Lymphoma
#3 Substernal thyroid or thoracic aortic aneurysm
Others: iatrogenically by indwelling catheters

A

SVC Syndrome

39
Q

Types of Pneumonia

A

Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia

40
Q

Pertaining to the lobes; diseased state of the lung affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.

A

Lobar Pneumonia

41
Q

A localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli

A

Bronchopneumonia

42
Q

Inflammatory process predominantly involving the walls and lining of the alveoli, its septa, and interstitial supporting structures

A

Interstitial Pneumonia

43
Q

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breath, characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction in the airways of the lungs
(Examples: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Smoking)

A

COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

44
Q

Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

A

Atelectasis

45
Q

Sneezing, coughing, sputum, irregular breathing patterns and sounds, Dyspnea, Cyanosis, pleural pain, fiction rub, clubbed fingers changes in the arterial gases

A

Manifestations of respiratory disease

46
Q

Inhaling liquid or solid material into the lungs or withdrawing fluid or tissue from a cavity or organ

A

Aspiration

47
Q

Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract

A

Sputum

48
Q

The removal of fluid from the pleural cavity using a needle

A

Thoracentesis

49
Q

Dyspnea (difficulty to breath) that occurs when a person is lying down

A

Orthopnea

50
Q

An incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing

A

Tracheotomy

51
Q
  • Compression such as a tumor pressing on part of the lung preventing air from entering that section of the lung
  • Obstructive/Re-absorption so that air is not replaced
  • Pulmonary edema preventing expansion of the lung
  • Fibrotic tissue in the lungs or pleural restricted expansion
  • Post surgical distress resulting in restricted ventilation due to pain or abdominal distention, slow shallow respiration due to anesthetics and analgesics, increase secretions due to the supine position and decreased cough effort
A

Possible cause of atelectasis

52
Q

Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages

A

Stridor

53
Q

Insufficient O2 in the arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

54
Q

Light bubbly crackling sounds associated with serous secretions

A

Rales

55
Q

Decreased or insufficient O2 levels in the tissue

A

Hypoxia

56
Q

Deeper harsher sounds resulting from thicker mucus

A

Rhonchi

57
Q

Drugs that induce vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa and reduce edema

A

Decongestants

58
Q

Bifurcation of the two main bronchi in the trachea

A

Carina

59
Q

Blood tinged frothy sputum. Associated with pulmonary edema

A

Hemoptysis

60
Q

A non-aeration or collapse of the lung of part of lung

A

Atelectasis

61
Q

Drugs that reduce cough reflex

A

Anti-tussive

62
Q

Normal breathing pattern

A

Eupnea

63
Q

Drugs that create thing respiratory secretions for easy removal (cough up)

A

Expectorants

64
Q

Abnormally slow breathing rate; less than 12 breaths per minute, deeper that regular breath

A

Bradypnea

65
Q

Cessation of breathing

A

Apnea

66
Q

Air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

A

Pneumothorax

67
Q

Rapid superficial breathing, regular or irregular rhythm

A

Tachypnea

68
Q

Blood in the pleural cavity; seen in pneumonia tuberculosis, or carcinoma

A

Hemothorax

69
Q

Whistling sound indicating obstruction in the small airways

A

Wheezing

70
Q

Accumulation of fluid leaking from a blood vessel into cavity
- Pleural effusion is the presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Effusion

Pathology- Nicole Calvin (40 decks)

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