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NYCC Physiopathology > Tumor Growth & Progression > Flashcards

Tumor Growth & Progression Flashcards

1
Q

What is a psr?

A

Probability of self renewal in a cell population scaled from 0.00 (0%) - 1.00 (100%)

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2
Q

What does a psr of 0.50 indicate?

A

Stable cell population

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3
Q

What does a psr of 0.52 indicate?

A

malignancy

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4
Q

What does a psr of 0.49 indicate?

A

Slow decline & decay of a tissue cell # that will eventually shrink and disappear

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5
Q

What is the goal of cancer treatment in regards to psr?

A

To get the psr of the neoplastic cells below 0.50

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6
Q

What is a tumor growth fraction?

A

Ratio of cell proliferation to cell loss

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7
Q

What are the factors that influence tumor growth?

A

tumor angiogenesis:
- Oxygen and nutrient supply
- Metastasis
- Tumor size
- growth factors (VEGF and FGF) & inhibitors (p53?)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of angiostatin?

A

To stop blood vessel growth and supply to tumors

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9
Q

What is vascular endothelial growth factor?

A

Growth factor that gives a tumor the ability to undergo angiogenesis and gain capillaries and a blood supply

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10
Q

What is fibroblast growth factor?

A

Growth factor that gives a tumor a connective tissue stroma for support

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11
Q

What are the general steps (cellular basis) of metastasis of carcinomas?

A
  • Detachment via loss of cadherin molecules
  • Attachment to basement membrane/ECM with laminin and fibronectin
  • Secretion of proteolytic enzymes (protease) to degrade ECM
  • Movement of tumor cells through BM into vessels via cytokines (autocrine motility factor)
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12
Q

What is tumor progression?

A

The orderly progression from a preneoplastic lesion to a benign tumor and ultimately an invasive cancer

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13
Q

What cancer is the exception to normal tumor progression?

A

Colon carcinoma

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14
Q

What is important about genetic instability in regards to neoplasms?

A

Increased rate of random, spontaneous mutations during clonal expansion will increase chances of developing a neoplasm

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15
Q

What molecule is lost when a tumor cell detaches and attempts to metastasize?

A

Cadherin

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16
Q

What molecules are expressed when a tumor cell that has detached from the primary tumor tries to attach to the basement membrane of a distant tissue?

A

Laminin and fibronectin

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17
Q

What enzyme is primarily expressed by a metastatic tumor cell that has spread to a distant tissue that degrades the ECM of that tissue?

A

Matrix metalloproteases

18
Q

What cytokine allows for movement of tumor cells through the basement membrane and into vessels?

A

Autocrine motility factor
(carrot for the horse)

19
Q

What are the most common sites for metastasis of malignant neoplasms?

A

Liver
Lung
Bone
Brain

20
Q

What is the most common site for metastasis in the body?

A

Lung

21
Q

What is organ tropism?

A

Neoplastic cells preference to have a selective site for metastasis that cannot be explained by natural pathways of drainage

22
Q

What is the metastatic pattern of lung carcinoma?

A

Adrenal Glands (#1) and brain

23
Q

prostate carcinomas metastasize to ____

A

bone

24
Q

Most tumors elicit a ____ inflammatory response?

A

Chronic

25
Q

What are genetically identical mice in animal lab studies called?

A

Syngeneic mice

26
Q

What are the four sub-experiments conducted on mice that led to the theory that the body has natural defenses against cancer cells?

A
  • Mice injected with cancer/oncogene to prove oncogenic effect (malignant tumor develops)
  • tumor excised from mouse–> tumor cells injected into syngeneic mice -> tumor develops
  • in untreated mice, tumor metastasizes & kills mice
  • when reinjected into original treated mice, mouse rejects tumor & survives (developed immunity)
27
Q

What do mouse experiments with tumor injections demonstrate in regards to our immune system?

A

Our body has immune responses and defenses to oncogens (immunosurveillance; does NOT tell us why/how)

28
Q

What is the upper limit of tumor burden for malignancy?

A

1 Kg or 10^12 (One trillion) tumor cells

29
Q

What is the lower limit of clinical detection for tumors?

A

1 cm^3 or 10^9 (One billion) tumor cells

30
Q

At diagnosis, approximately ____ of all cancer patients are already metastatic

A

1/2

31
Q

What is tumor immunosurveillance?

A

Recognition and destruction of tumor cells by the immune system

32
Q

What is a tumor specific antigen?

A

Cell surface molecule produced ONLY by tumor cells

33
Q

What is a tumor associated antigen (TAA)?

A

Normal molecule made by normal tissues that are increased with tumors

34
Q

What is an example of a tumor associated antigen (TAA)?

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma

35
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Lymphocyte-activated killer cells that can lyse tumor cells without recognizing TSA

36
Q

What cytokine activates natural killer cells?

A

IL-1

37
Q

What are cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes?

A

lymphocytes that recognize TSAs and lyse tumor cells

38
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes require the presence of __________ to lyse a tumor cell

A

Tumor specific antigen (TSA)

39
Q

What do patients with leukemia often die of?

A

Anemia or systemic infection due to a weakened immune system

40
Q

When does a tumor cell require its own blood supply?

A

10^6 or 1 million cells

41
Q

What white blood cells aid in tumor immunity?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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