Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NYCC Physiopathology > Cancer Epidemiology and Special Cases > Flashcards

Cancer Epidemiology and Special Cases Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A
  • study of identifying common factors which contribute to the spread, growth, or development of a disease
  • evaluation of these factors in the context of current biological understanding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A cancer-causing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lung cancer is ____ greater in the US than Japan?

A

2x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skin cancer deaths are (Greater/Lesser) in New Zealand than in Iceland?

A

Greater (6x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Upper esophageal cancers (nasopharyngeal, esophageal) are more prevalent in Asia and Iran (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

TRUE (consume more hot tea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lower esophageal cancers at the gastroesophageal junction are most prevalent in the US (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acute leukemia and brain neoplasms present more commonly in older patients (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common cancer in males?

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common cancer in females?

A

Breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer death in both males and females?

A

Lung and bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the second most common cause of cancer death in males?

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the third most common cause of cancer death in both males and females?

A

Colon and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the second most common cause of cancer death in females?

A

Breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cancer has dropped rapidly in the US upon the advent of antibiotic therapy?

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In general, as age increases, the incidence of cancers increases. What are 2 examples of exceptions to this trend?

A
  • Hodgkin’s disease (bimodal: young and old)
  • Testicular cancer (peak age 30)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are inherited cancer syndromes?

A

Well-defined malignancies in which the inheritance of a single mutant gene (must be identified) greatly increases the risk of developing a neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are examples of inherited cancer syndromes?

A

Childhood retinoblastoma
Familial adenomatous polyposus coli
Li-Fraumeni syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What gene is mutated in a familial adenomatous polyposis coli patient?

A

APC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What gene is mutated in an inherited childhood retinoblastoma patient?

A

Rb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What gene is mutated in a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

A

P53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cancer incidence is increased in genetic relatives who have had that cancer in the past (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

With familial cancers there is no consistent link to a specific genetic mutation (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are examples of known or suspected carcinogens?

A
  • Tobacco smoke
  • Dietary carcinogens/insufficiencies
  • Alcohol
  • Chemicals
  • Radiation
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Therapeutic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an example of a patient presentation of a “low-risk” strain of HPV?

A

Papilloma (warts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What can "high-risk" strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) cause?
Cervical carcinoma; Oral carcinoma
26
What are examples of "high-risk" strains of HPV?
HPV 16 HPV 18
27
What is the mechanism in which "high-risk" HPV strains such as HPV 16 and 18 cause cancer?
High-risk viral protein products degrade p53 gene products
28
What virus is responsible for causing infectious mononucleosis and potentially lymphomas and leukemias?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
29
What cells does the Epstein-Barr virus infect?
Epithelial cells and B lymphocytes
30
What gene is overexpressed in Burkitt's lymphoma?
Bcl-2
31
Bcl-2 is a(n) (Pro-apoptotic/Anti-apoptotic) gene?
Anti-apoptotic
32
What virus is implicated in cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
33
What virus has a strong association with hepatocellular carcinoma?
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
34
How does hepatitis B virus cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
Chronic liver damage leads to regenerative hyperplasia and an increased amount of spontaneous mutations
35
What bacteria is associated with chronic gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori
36
What bacteria is linked to gastric carcinomas and B-cell lymphomas of the stomach?
Helicobacter pylori
37
Birth control generally (Increases/Decreases) cancer rates?
Decreases
38
What are the primary risk factors associated with breast, cervical, and uterine cancers?
- increasing age - increased length of reproductive life - decreased number of children - obesity - genetics
39
What is the early detection method for cervical cancer?
Pap smear
40
What are the early detection methods for breast cancer?
Mammogram and breast self-exam
41
Earlier menstruation and later menopause (longer reproductive life) is linked to a reduced chance of cancer (TRUE/FALSE)?
FALSE
42
What are the general steps of anti-estrogen therapy?
- Inject Her2/Neu receptors into an animal - Animal makes Ab (Herceptin) against Her2/Neu receptor - Reinject Herceptin Ab into patient to shut down the mutated receptor
43
What antibody is formed during anti-estrogen Ab therapy?
Herceptin
44
What are MABs?
Monoclonal antibodies against one thing
45
What is the function of Herceptin?
Intercept and shut down the Her2/Neu receptor to treat breast carcinoma (if this is the specific mutation)
46
What is an important side effect of anti estrogen Ab therapy?
Triggers early menopause
47
What population is chiefly affected by prostate carcinoma?
Elderly men 50+ years of age
48
What is a normal PSA range?
0-4 ng/ml
49
What PSA number indicates benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostate carcinoma?
Greater than 4 ng/ml
50
Patient presents with frequent urination at night and dribbling from the penis. A blood test is performed for the presence of prostate specific antigen. Results demonstrate a PSA of 6 ng/ml? What are two possible diagnoses?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostate carcinoma
51
What is the function of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?
Maintains the prostate (growth factor for prostatic epithelium)
52
What are potential treatment methods for prostate carcinoma?
Watchful waiting (active surveillance) Surgery Brachytherapy (Bradytherapy) External radiation Hormone therapy TURP 5-a-reductase inhibitor
53
What are common complications of prostate surgery?
Impotence and incontinence
54
What is brachytherapy? What cancer is it used to treat?
Internal radiation where radioactive beads are placed into the prostate to destroy epithelium and decrease tumor size
55
What is a TURP?
Transurethral resection of the prostate from the inside out
56
What are potential adjunct therapies for prostate carcinoma?
Saw palmetto Genistein Lycopenes
57
What is the function of saw palmetto? What neoplasm can it help prevent?
Inhibition of DHT synthesis to prevent prostate carcinoma
58
What is genistein a derivative of?
Soy
59
What is the function of genistein? What neoplasm can it treat?
- Decrease angiogenesis and epithelium cell cycles - Blocks DHT growth factor receptor and acts as an antioxidant - Treats prostate cancer
60
What is the function of lycopenes? What neoplasm can it help prevent?
Antioxidant used to help prevent prostate carcinoma
61
What are examples of pre-neoplastic disorders (and benign neoplasms) which have a well-defined association with malignancy?
Bronchial metaplasia Endometrial hyperplasia Esophageal metaplasia Liver cirrhosis Chronic atrophic gastritis Ulcerative colitis Colon adenoma
62
What lifestyle habit predisposes you to bronchial metaplasia?
Smoking (inhaling harmful substances)
63
What are potential etiologic agents of liver cirrhosis?
Alcohol Hepatitis B and C Autoimmune conditions such as Wilson's disease (cause reactive hyperplasia)
64
What is endometrial hyperplasia?
Thickening of the endometrium due to heightened levels of estrogen
65
The endometrial walls should be (Thin/Thick) at day 3 of a woman's menstrual cycle?
Thin
66
The endometrial walls should be (Thin/Thick) at day 24 of a woman's menstrual cycle?
Thick
67
What is chronic atrophic gastritis?
Autoimmune disorder against the parietal cells of the stomach that causes epithelial inflammation and a heightened risk of stomach cancer
68
What is ulcerative colitis?
Ulcerative inflammation of the epithelium in the distal colon that can lead to colon carcinoma
69
What gene is mutated in a patient with a colon adenoma?
APC
70
What is initiation in regards to chemical carcinogens?
Exposure of cells to an appropriate dose of a carcinogenic agent (trigger/initiator) which elicits a permanent DNA mutation
71
What are promoters in regards to chemical carcinogens?
Triggering of the cell cycle and division by exposure to a second carcinogen (promoter)
72
What are common groups of carcinogenic initiators?
Direct alkylating agents Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Aromatic amines and azo dyes Naturally occurring; Aflatoxin (black mold) Nitrosamines and amides
73
What are examples of direct alkylating agents?
Nitrogen mustard Doxyrubicin (Chemotherapy)
74
How are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced? What is its function?
Fatty acid exposed to high heat (BBQ) that stabilizes free radicals
75
What is an example of an aromatic amine? What profession is at increased risk of exposure to this amine?
Aniline (varnish/stain); carpenter
76
What cancer can amiline predispose a person to?
Liver carcinoma
77
What is aflatoxin?
Toxin produced by aspergillus (black mold)
78
What is an example of a nitrosamine? What foods is it in?
- Sodium nitrate - fermented and cured foods such as deli meats, cured meats

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions