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NYCC Physiopathology > Hypersensitivity Reactions > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by ___________ antibodies

A

IgE

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2
Q

How are IgE levels increased in a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Exposure to antigen, ie. Bee stings, pollen, and shellfish

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3
Q

What cells does IgE bind to to cause degranulation in a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Basophils and mast cells

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4
Q

What cell-derived mediators of inflammation are released when IgE antibodies bind to basophils and mast cells?

A

Histamine, leukotrienes, and eosinophilic chemotactic factor

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5
Q

What does the release of histamine cause in a type I hypersensitivity reaction at the vascular level?

A

Vascular leakage in venules and arteriole dilation leading to hypotension

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6
Q

A type I hypersensitivity reaction causes (Bronchodilation/Bronchoconstriction) via leukotrienes?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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7
Q

What pathologies are associated with a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Hay fever, asthma, hives, anaphylactic shock, physical urticaria

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8
Q

What is a type I hypersensitivity reaction also called?

A

Immediate, IgE mediated, or anaphylactic

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9
Q

What is an emergency treatment for a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Epipen (Epinephrine)

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10
Q

What are the effects of an epipen on a patient suffering from anaphylactic shock?

A

Vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate

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11
Q

A type II hypersensitivity reaction involved ______ and ______ antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM

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12
Q

What do IgM and IgG antibodies bind to in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Self antigens

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13
Q

What occurs when IgM and IgG antibodies bind to “self” antigens?

A

Triggering of the complement system via classic pathway and tissue damage
- Infiltration of WBC via chemotaxis
- Opsonization via C3b
- Lysis via C5b-C9

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14
Q

What are type II hypersensitivity reactions also called?

A

Cytotoxic reactions

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15
Q

What pathologies are associated with a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Goodpasture syndrome
Hemolytic anemia
Myasthenia gravis
Graves’ disease
Hachimoto’s thyroiditis
Rheumatic fever
Hyperacute graft rejection
Erythroblastalis fetalis

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16
Q

What is the etiology and pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome?

A

Autoimmune type II hypersensitivity reaction where the body produces anti-glomerular basement membrane (kidney) antibodies

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome?

A

Hematuria, hemoptysis, kidney failure

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18
Q

What is the etiology of myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune type II hypersensitivity reaction where the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on muscles (LMNs)

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

Flaccid paralysis beginning with small muscles of the face, muscle fatigue, lid lag of eyes, winded stair walking

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20
Q

What is the etiology of Grave’s disease?

A

Autoimmune type II hypersensitivity reaction where the body produces antibodies against thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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21
Q

Graves’ disease is (Hypothyroid/Hyperthyroid)?

A

Hyperthyroid

22
Q

What type II hypersensitivity pathology is unique in that it binds to a receptor and increases its productivity?

A

Grave’s disease

23
Q

Hachimoto’s thyroiditis is (Hypothyroid/Hyperthyroid)?

A

Hypothyroid

24
Q

What is the etiology of Hachimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Autoimmune type II hypersensitivity reaction where the body produces antibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

25
Q

What is the etiology of rheumatic fever?

A

Autoimmune type II hypersensitivity reaction where the body produces antibodies against streptococcus M proteins

26
Q

What can untreated streptococcus infection lead to?

A

Rheumatic fever or heart disease

27
Q

What is the etiology of a hyperacute graft rejection?

A

Autoimmune type II hypersensitivity reaction where the body produces antibodies in the host against a skin graft post surgery

28
Q

What is erythroblastalis fetalis also known as?

A

Rh disease

29
Q

What occurs in erythroblastalis fetalis?

A

Antibodies against fetal Rh+ blood made by the birthing mother due to differences in blood type

30
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is erythroblastalis fetalis?

A

Type II

31
Q

In a type III hypersensitivity reaction the antibodies involved are ______ and ______

A

IgG, IgM

32
Q

What unique structure forms when IgG and IgM bind to a circulating antigen in a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Immune complex

33
Q

A type III hypersensitivity reaction is when an antibody is made against a _________________ in _________________?

A

Soluble antigen, blood plasma

34
Q

What is activated when an immune complex gets stuck in a capillary bed during a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Complement system

35
Q

What pathologies are associated with a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Local Arthus reaction
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Serum Sickness
Glomerulonephritis

36
Q

What is an arthus reaction?

A

Localized type III hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after a vaccine or injection where the toxoid generates an immune complex to bring in WBCs

37
Q

What are the most commonly affected tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus? Why?

A

Kidneys, skin, and liver due to larger populations of capillary beds

38
Q

What are symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Butterfly rash on the face, fatigue, joint pain, anemia

39
Q

What is serum sickness?

A

Type III hypersensitivity reaction to a horse serum injection where the body forms immune complexes against horse proteins

40
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Type III hypersensitivity reaction where the body forms immune complexes in the glomerulus of the kidney leading to inflammation and filtration issues

41
Q

What are type III hypersensitivity reactions also called?

A

Immune complex mediated reactions

42
Q

What are symptoms of glomerulonephritis?

A

Proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, fever, low back pain; Increased BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and blood creatinine, decreased GFR

43
Q

What hypersensitivity reaction does not require the presence of antibodies?

A

Type IV

44
Q

What lymphocyte is primarily involved in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A

CD4+ Helper T cells

45
Q

What cell mediated cytokines are involved in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-12

46
Q

What causes the release of cytokines from CD4+ helper T cells in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Presence of a foreign antigen

47
Q

A type IV hypersensitivity reaction is (Instant/Delayed)?

A

Delayed

48
Q

A type IV hypersensitivity reaction requires at least __________ exposures to an antigen?

A

Two

49
Q

What pathologies are associated with a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Allergic sensitivities to cosmetics and detergents
Poison ivy and sumac
Granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, and Crohn’s disease
Treponema pallidum spirochete diseases such as syphilis
Deep fungal infections such as histoplasmosis

50
Q

What are type IV hypersensitivity reactions called?

A

Delayed type/ T cell mediated reaction

51
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is tuberculosis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, and Crohn’s disease?

A

Type IV

52
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is syphilis?

A

Type IV

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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