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NYCC Physiopathology > Intro to Inflammation > Flashcards

Intro to Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 major players in the inflammatory process

A
  • WBCs (leukocytes)
  • blood vessels
  • CT cells (-blasts)
  • ECM
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2
Q

name 4 major causes of inflammation

A
  • physical (trauma, thermal, irradiation)
  • chemical (corrosives, drugs)
  • microbiological (bacterium, viruses, fungi, protozoa)
  • immune responses (allergies, immune-mediated diseases)
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3
Q

What cells are present in an acute inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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4
Q

What is the clinical course of an acute inflammatory response?

A

Rapid onset, short-lived (under three weeks), symptomology

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5
Q

What cells are present in a chronic inflammatory response?

A

Lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages

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6
Q

What is the clinical course of a chronic inflammatory response?

A

Slow onset, long-lived, symptoms appear late with pronounced tissue damage

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7
Q

What is the hallmark (first) cell of the acute inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils (PMNs)

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8
Q

What cell is found only in a chronic inflammatory response?

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Which inflammatory response will result in more tissue damage and fibrosis?

A

Chronic

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10
Q

Which cell is responsible for laying down scar tissue in a chronic inflammatory response?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat (Calor)
Redness (Rubor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Pain (Dolor)
Loss of function (Functio laesa)

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12
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation (increase) of fluid within the extravascular compartment and interstitial tissues at the sight of tissue damage

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13
Q

What are the two types of edema?

A

Exudate and transudate

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14
Q

What is an exudate?

A

Edema fluid with a high protein concentration with specific gravity > 1.015 with INFLAMMATORY cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes)

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15
Q

What inflammatory reaction/pattern is associated with an exudate?

A

Acute response produced by mild injuries such as traumatic blisters or sunburns

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16
Q

What is an effusion?

A

Excess fluid in body cavities such as the peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium

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17
Q

Where is an effusion most likely to occur?

A

Peritoneum, pericardium, or pleura (body cavities)

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18
Q

What is a transudate edema?

A
  • Edema fluid with a low protein content and specific gravity < 1.015
  • Non-inflammatory and involves no increase in vascular permeability
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19
Q

What are the different forms of exudate?

A

Serous, serosanguinous, fibrinous, purulent

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20
Q

What are forms of serous exudate?

A

Serosanguinous and fibrinous

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21
Q

What is a serous exudate characterized by?

A
  • Absence of a prominent cellular response with a yellow, straw-like colour
  • High specific gravity, high protein concentration, no cells
    ie. Blister fluid, Less injury and a lower WBC count
22
Q

What is a serosanguinous exudate?

A

A form of serous exudate that contains red blood cells and has a red tinge

23
Q

What is a fibrinous exudate?

A
  • A form of serous exudate with a large amount of fibrin as a result of activation of the coagulation system
  • Often seen on skin and SEROSAL surfaces and body cavity linings, with a higher degree of injury
  • Greatly increased vascular permeability
    Ie. Pericarditis, pleuritis, peritonitis
24
Q

What are examples of disorders involving a fibrinous exudate?

A

Fibrinous pericarditis, fibrinous pleuritis, peritonitis

25
Q

What is purulent exudate?

A

Pus with prominent cellular components associated with pathological conditions
- High specific gravity, high protein concentration, and high amounts of cells (PMNs)

26
Q

What is ulcerative inflammation?

A

Erosion of the surface of a tissue or organ due to shedding of necrotic tissue and resulting inflammation

27
Q

What morphologic pattern of inflammation is always chronic?

A

Granulomatous

28
Q

What is the main histological difference between serous and purulent exudate?

A

A serous exudate has low cells (watery) and a purulent exudate has a high amount of cells (pus)

29
Q

What is suppurative inflammation?

A

A morphological pattern of inflammation presenting with purulent exudate or “pus” accompanied by liquefactive necrosis

30
Q

What three major components comprise the inflammatory response?

A

Vessel wall permeability changes, vasodilation, and extravasation (leukocyte movement)

31
Q

What are the ordered events of the inflammatory cascade?

A

Transient vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Margination
Adhesion/pavementation
Emigration/migration via chemotaxis
Aggregation
Phagocytosis

32
Q

What is transient vasoconstriction?

A

Autonomic response two to three seconds after a cut or injury where endothelial cells vasoconstrict to prevent hemorrhage

33
Q

What does the vasodilation step of the inflammatory cascade result in?

A

Increased blood flow to the damaged tissue and increased delivery to cells in the damaged area
Increased vascular permeability then follows

34
Q

What are three responses of the body that increase vascular permeability?

A

Immediate-transient response, immediate-sustained response, and delayed prolonged leakage

35
Q

What is an immediate-transient response regarding vascular permeability?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability due to endothelial cell contraction
Short lived with “leaky” capillaries
Ie. Histamine causing runny nose or watery eyes

36
Q

What response to increase vascular permeability is histamine involved in?

A

Immediate-transient response

37
Q

What is an immediate-sustained response regarding vascular permeability?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability due to endothelial cell damage

38
Q

What is a delayed-prolonged leakage regarding vascular permeability?

A

Cell undergoes apoptosis hours after sustained injuries occur causing inflammation

39
Q

What is an example of a situation that would cause a delayed-prolonged leakage response?

A

Sunburn or tanning all day resulting in rubor, calor, dolor by the end of the day

40
Q

What is margination?

A

Movement of WBCs toward a vascular wall

41
Q

What are selectins?

A

First molecules expressed by white blood cells during inflammation that slow down the WBC and participate in tethering and rolling

42
Q

What are integrins?

A

Second molecule expressed by white blood cells during margination that firmly adhere a WBC to a blood vessel wall to stop its movement

43
Q

What molecule expressed by white blood cells assists with transmigration?

A

Immunoglobulin

44
Q

What step of the inflammatory cascade are selectins and integrins involved in?

A

Adhesion/pavementation

45
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Action that occurs with white blood cells where they emigrate through a blood vessel wall with immunoglobulins and travel via diapedesis

46
Q

What is diapedesis? What part of margination does this occur in?

A

White blood cell moves through a blood vessel using “foot like” processes during transmigration

47
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of WBC along a chemical gradient that allows WBCs to move from low to high concentration to the tissue of injury against the gradient of chemotactic factors

48
Q

What are the three steps of phagocytosis in the inflammation cascade?

A

Recognition and binding of WBC via opsonization
Engulfment via endocytosis
Killing via free radicals, lysosomal enzymes, and production of arachidonic acid metabolites

49
Q

What occurs during the recognition phase of phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization or “tagging” of bacteria with opsin for engulfment via endocytosis and killing

50
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Process by which a phagocytic cell “eats” a cell targeted by opsins

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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