Plasma Derived Mediators of Inflammation

Question 1

What are chemical mediators of inflammation?

Answer 1

Substances which act to initiate and/or enhance an inflammatory reaction
Activate cells by binding specific receptors, recruit cells to sites of injury, stimulate the release of additional mediators
Ie. Bradykinin, thrombin, fibrin, nitric oxide, serotonin, histamine

Question 2

Chemical mediators are __________ lived and are a ______________ phenomenon

Answer 2

Short, controlled

Question 3

Redundancy of chemical mediators provides ___________________

Answer 3

Amplification

Question 4

How are chemical mediators turned off?

Answer 4

Intrinsic mechanisms within the mediators themselves

Question 5

What is the most important and potent chemical mediator in the kinin family?

Answer 5

Bradykinin

Question 6

What are the two types of chemical mediators of inflammation?

Answer 6

Plasma- or cell-derived

Question 7

What are some examples of cell-derived and plasma derived molecules that increase the adherence of WBCs to a vascular wall?

Answer 7

• Plasma Derived = Thrombin
• Cell Derived = LTB4, IL-1, PAF

Question 8

What are opsonins?

Answer 8

Naturally occurring proteins which coat bacterium for destruction by phagocytes
Ie. C3B and IgG

Question 9

What are examples of opsonins?

Answer 9

IgG and C3b

Question 10

What is clotting factor XII also known as?

Answer 10

Hageman Factor

Question 11

What plasma derived system of inflammation activates bradykinin?

Answer 11

Coagulation system (Hageman Factor XII)

Question 12

What activates clotting factor XII in the kinin system of inflammation?

Answer 12

Bumping into collagen, basement membrane, tissue protein, negatively charged surfaces (things that shouldn’t be in blood)

Question 13

What plasma-derived systems of inflammatory mediation does clotting factor XII (Hageman factor) stimulate?

Answer 13

Bradykinin (kinin system) and prothrombin (coagulation cascade)

Question 14

What does bradykinin stimulate and bind to?

Answer 14

Nociceptors for pain and binds to endothelium to increase vasodilation and increase vascular permeability

Question 15

Which plasma derived mediator of inflammation is chiefly responsible for a pain response?

Answer 15

Bradykinin

Question 16

What are three examples of plasma mediated systems of inflammation?

Answer 16

Kinin system, complement system, and coagulation system

Question 17

What three ways is the complement system of inflammation activated?

Answer 17

Classic pathway (Antigen/Antibody interaction)
Alternative pathway (Lipopolysaccharide/Lipid A of gram negative bacteria)
Mannose pathway (Increased mannose on microbial surfaces)

Question 18

What is the classic pathway of plasma mediated inflammation?

Answer 18

Antigen-antibody interaction

Question 19

What is the alternative pathway of plasma mediated inflammation?

Answer 19

Lipopolysaccharide and lipid A are recognized on gram negative bacteria and indicate infection

Question 20

What is the mannose binding pathway of plasma mediated inflammation?

Answer 20

Increased levels of mannose on microbial surfaces are detected

Question 21

What are the four main plasma-derived chemical mediators of inflammation procured by the complement system of inflammation?

Answer 21

C3a
C5a
C3b
C5b-C9

Question 22

What is the function of C3a?

Answer 22

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 23

What is the function of C5a?

Answer 23

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Plasma-derived chemotactic agent and activation of arachidonic acid metabolism

Question 24

What is the function of C3b?

Answer 24

Opsoninization for phagocytes

Question 25

What is the function of C5b-C9?

Answer 25

Membrane attack complex to punch holes in bacteria

Question 26

What molecules produced by the complement system are anaphylatoxins implicated in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 26

C3a, C5a

Question 27

What does the coagulation cascade result in?

Answer 27

Blood-clot formation

Question 28

What is the proenzyme of thrombin?

Answer 28

Prothrombin

Question 29

What enzyme activates fibrinogen ——> fibrin?

Answer 29

Thrombin

Question 30

What enzyme activates plasminogen ——> plasmin?

Answer 30

TPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)

Question 31

What enzyme breaks down fibrin clots?

Answer 31

Plasmin

Question 32

What protein is involved in creating clots?

Answer 32

Fibrin

Question 33

What is the function of thrombin?

Answer 33

Activates fibrinogen to fibrin Increases vascular permeability Increases WBC adherence to endothelium (for clot formation) Increases fibroblast proliferation (for clot formation)

Question 34

What is the function of fibrin split products?

Answer 34

Increased vascular permeability

Question 35

What is the function of plasmin?

Answer 35

Breaks down fibrin blood clots Cleaves C3 to form C3a and C3b to turn on the compliment system

Question 36

What plasma-mediated system of inflammation is turned on by plasmin from the coagulation cascade?

Answer 36

Complement system

Question 37

What can be given to help clear a blood clot causing an ischemic stroke?

Answer 37

TPA injection