Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NYCC Physiopathology > Thrombosis & Shock > Flashcards

Thrombosis & Shock Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of death in the US?

A

arterial thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the most common sites of arterial thrombi?

A

coronary a
cerebral a
femoral a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

arterial thrombi result in ischemic _____

A

infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arterial thrombi can cause death due to infarction of what 3 areas?

A
  • myocardial infarction
  • cerebral infarction
  • renal infarction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 2 other names for a thrombosis in the venous?

A

phlebothrombosis
red thrombi (cause colour change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most common site for a thrombosis of the venous system?

A

in the superficial leg veins (varicose vv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the most common clinical manifestation of a thrombosis in the venous system?

A

deep leg vein thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are 4 morphological attributes of thrombi?

A
  • lines of Zahn
  • mural thrombi
  • vegetations (infective endocarditis)
  • verrucous (libman sacks) endocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are lines of Zahn?

A

lines that show up due to the stop-start growth pattern of a clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are mural thrombi?

A

a thrombi that attaches itself to a blood vessel or a heart chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what kind of endocarditis are vegetations?

A

infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what usually causes infective endocarditis?

A

strep and staph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does infective endocarditis present as and where?

A

tiny blood clots at the cusp of valve (most commonly mitral valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what kind of endocarditis is Verrucous endocarditis?

A

autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an example of verrucous endocarditis?

A

lupus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the typical location of the blood clots for verrucous endocarditis?

A

on top of the valve usually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 4 CLINICAL manifestations of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS?

A
  • edema of foot and ankle
  • pain of foot and ankle
  • local ischemia (bacterial skin infections)
  • PULMONARY EMBOLIZATION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the potential fates of a thrombus from least to most severe?

A
  • dissolution
  • propagation
  • Organization
  • Recanalization
  • Embolization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a detached intravascular mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin?

A

embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the subtypes of embolisms?

A

Thromboembolism
Fat
Air
Amniotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the most common subtype of embolism?

A

thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a thromboembolism results in a partial or complete occlusion of vessel ____

A

lumina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a thromboembolism may lodge in ____ or ____ circulation

A

pulmonary or systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what usually causes a fat embolism?

A

from a long bone fracture usually (seen as red acid-fast staining)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name 3 examples of how an air embolus could form

A
  • The Bends (diving): gases become more soluble and form bubbles in vv
  • intubation during surgery - too much air
  • laproscopic surgery errors - inject air while compressing abdomen (distended) to make room
26
Q

what are possible causes of amniotic embolism?

A

placental tear/abruption -> epithelial cells (shed from fetus) expressed in the mother’s blood

27
Q

what is the most common preventable death in hospitalized patients that arise from deep leg vein thrombi?

A

pulmonary emboli

28
Q

what type of embolus may form in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk?

A

saddle embolus

29
Q

is a systemic emboli venous or arterial in origin?

A

arterial in origin (left ventricle, atherosclerotic plaques)

30
Q

what are the most common sites of lodgment of a systemic emboli?

A

lower extremities (75%)
brain (10%)
viscera (10%)

31
Q

what is an area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ called?

A

infarction

32
Q

what is an infarction most often caused by?

A

most often caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion

33
Q

what sign on imaging signals an infarct?

A

triangle/wedge shape

34
Q

what is a white infarct due to?

A

ischemic infarct (tissue turns pale/white)
(classic wedge shape)

35
Q

what is a red infarct due to?

A

hemorrhage (tissue turns red)

36
Q

name 3 determining factors of infarction

A
  • nature of vascular supply
  • rate of development of occlusion (instant/necrosis vs chronic/atrophy)
  • vulnerability of tissue to hypoxia
37
Q

what shape is an infarct?

A

triangle or wedge shaped

38
Q

what are the margins of an infarct lined by?

A

rim of hyperemia/inflammation

39
Q

what is the surface of an infarct covered by?

A

fibrinous exudate

40
Q

what pattern of necrosis does an infarct most commonly cause?

A

coagulative necrosis (eg. heart attack)

41
Q

what is hypoperfusion of tissues?

A

shock (hemodynamic; can’t supply blood to tissues)

42
Q

what are the major subtypes of shock

A
  • cardiogenic shock
  • hypovolemic shock
  • septic shock
  • anaphylactic
  • neurogenic
43
Q

what is cardiogenic shock?

A

heart fails as a pump

44
Q

name 3 potential causes of cardiogenic shock

A
  • myocardial infarction
  • cardiac tamponade
  • cor pulmonale
45
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

myocardial rupture -> bleed into the pericardial sac -> causes atrial collapse -> drop in cardiac output **causes shock*

46
Q

what is cor pulmonale?

A

right ventricular dilation (R side fills up w/blood that can’t leave) & hypertrophy

47
Q

what is the path that usually causes acute cor pulmonale?

A

DVT-> Embolus -> saddles at bifurcation of pulmonary trunk

48
Q

Clenbuterol is a horse anti-asthmatic drug that can cause ____ in humans

A

cor pulmonale

49
Q

what is hypovolemic shock?

A

not enough blood due to blood loss

50
Q

name 3 potential causes of hypovolemic shock

A
  • hemorrhage
  • severe trauma
  • extensive burns
51
Q

how do extensive burns cause hypovolemic shock?

A

if you have 2nd or 3rd degree burns (blisters) over 40% of your body you will lose blood volume quicker than you can make it (edema fluid is derived from blood plasma)

52
Q

what is septic shock and what causes it?

A

due to blood born infection
(the body is incapable of maintaining BP because of all of the blood vessels are dilated for moving the mediators)

53
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEPTIC SHOCK
- ____ release from gram -/ve bacteria
- endotoxins stimulate the release of ____
- cytokines trigger the release of what 6 molecules?

A

endotoxins
cytokines
PAF, NO, bradykinin, complement, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

54
Q

what are some examples of cytokines that are stimulated by endotoxins?

A
  • IL-1, 6, and 8
  • TNF
55
Q

what are the 3 stages of shock?

A
  • non progressive stage
  • progressive stage
  • irreversible stage
56
Q

what happens in the non progressive stage of shock?

A

compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood pressure

57
Q

what are some examples of compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood pressure?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • RAA axis
  • autoregulation
58
Q

what is the progressive stage of shock?

A

tissue hypoxia and metabolic acidosis (tissues not dying yet)

59
Q

what is the irreversible stage of shock?

A

enzyme leakage, organ shutdown
(point of no return, short time course)

60
Q

how can you tell that you are in the irreversible stage of shock?

A
  • increase in troponin, amylase, and lipase in blood
  • increase B.U.N, creatinine (decrease in GFR) = kidney failure

NYCC Physiopathology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions