Basic terms, Cellular adaptations, + Abnormal physiological processes Flashcards
the 7 Pillars (aspects) of a disease that form the core of Pathology are:
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis
the Etiology of a disease is:
the 1st “domino”
start of the disease
the Pathogenesis of a disease is:
following “dominos”
development of the disease
Pre-diagnosis
the Manifestation of a disease is:
the signs & symptoms
the Progression of a disease is:
what happens Post-diagnosis
the Diagnosis of a disease is:
the characterization of a disease process
the 2 types of Treatment of a disease are:
Proper + Profolactive
Proper Treatment of a disease is ____
Retroactive (after manifestation)
Profolactive Treatment of a disease is ____
Proactive (before manifestation)
the Prognosis of a disease is:
the likely outcome of the disease
Physical description of a tissue
Focal vs Diffuse
Focal - know where it starts/stops, “well circumscribed”
Diffuse - Don’t know where it starts/stops, “poorley circumscribed”
Physical description of a tissue
Microscopic vs Macroscopic (gross)
Micro - zoom in
Macro - zoom out
Physical description of a tissue
Eosinophilic vs Basophilic
Eosinophilic - takes eosin dye in
Basophilic - actively dividing
Physical description of a tissue
Hyaline
having/developing a cartilaginous appearance
Physical description of a tissue
Endogenous vs Exogenous
give an example of pigments
Endogenous - found in body naturally (ex: melanin)
Exogenous - found outside body (ex: iron oxide / carbon black (tattoo ink)
Physical description of a tissue
Morbidity vs Mortality
Morbidity - state of being unhealthy
Mortality - prevalence of death in the pop.
Physical description of a tissue
Co-morbidity
>1 disease
Rxns of the body to injury and/or stress may include what 3 features?
- cellular adaptations
- reversible cell injury
- irreversible cell injury (cell death)
The ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress is dictated by what factors?
(6)
- potential for regeneration
- severity of injury
- duration of injury
- condition of the cell
- location of the cell
- degree of cell specialization
Describe the relationship between the degree of a cell’s specialization and it’s ability to adapt
more specialized = less ability to adapt
ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress
the potential for regeneration is dictated by what 3 cell populations?
Labile cells, Stable cells, Permanent cells
ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress
Labile cells are ____
give an example
potential for regeneration
a continuously renewing cell population
ex: anything epithelium
ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress
Stable cells are ____
give an example
potential for regeneration
a (potentially) expanding cell population
ex: (stem cells) Hepatocytes + anything “blast”
potentially = requires signal
ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress
Permanent cells are ____
give an example
potential for regeneration
a static cell population
ex: striated Mm. + CNS neurons
Cells can adapt through modulation of their ____
size, shape, metabolism, + behavior
the major forms of cellular adaptation are:
(5)
Atrophy, Hyperatrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia
Atrophy
tissues/cells decrease in size
____ is an adaptation to diminished need or resources for a cell’s activities
Atrophy
Atrophy refers to the ____ of a cell or organ due to ____
shrinkage; loss of organelles
Atrophy involves changes both in ____ + ____ of cellular constituents. In it’s most basic sense, atrophy is a cell’s reversible restructuring of its activities to facilitate its own survival and adapt to conditions of ____ use.
production + destruction
diminished
Physiological atrophy
normal loss of endocrine stimulation
Give an example of Physiological atrophy
muscles aren’t being used = couch potato
Pathological atrophy
diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, abnormal loss of endocrine stim., decreased workload
Give an example of Pathological atrophy
Atherosclerosis; heart failure
Pathological atrophy is caused by a ___/___/___
disease/illness/condition (these are reversible conditions)
Can a case be made for both physiological and/or pathological atrophy of the Cerebral cortex? give an example than can cause this
no, only Pathological;
Dementia, lack of blood supply to brain
Hypertrophy
increase cell size and functional capacity
____ is due to an increase in production and # of intracellular organelles (increased metabolic demands on the cell/hormonal stim.)
Hypertrophy
Physiological hypertrophy
increased functional demand
give an example of Physiological hypertrophy
couch potato starts lifting again
Pathological hypertrophy
goiter
hyperactivity of an endocrine gland
hormone-secreting tumor = hyperactivity of an endocrine gland
excessive abnormal demands on an organ: ie myocardial hypertrophy due to valve damage hypertension
give an example of Pathological hypertrophy
Hypertension (increased BP), Atherosclerosis, hormone secreting tumor
= heart hypertrophy due to increased work of heart to get blood to flow
Can a case be made for both physiological and/or pathological hypertrophy of an enlarged heart?
no, Pathological only
Hyperplasia
increase in # of cells = increase in size of organ/tissue
(increased functional and/or metabolic demands on the cell or compensatory proliferation
give examples of Physiological hyperplasia
hormonal stimulation (lactating breast)
increase RBCs at high altitude
give examples of Pathological hyperplasia
Endometriosis, psoriasis, liver regeneration following damage (live liver donor b/c completely regenerates itself in 6 weeks)
Surgery is always ____
Pathologic
Metaplasia
substitute one cell type for another
Metaplasia is a response to ____
persistent injury/irritation
Though not restricted to squamous differentiation, Metaplasia is commonly ____ replaced by ____
glandular epithelium replaced by squamous epithelium
give examples of Metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia (bronchus, bladder) (smokers)
Barret esophagus
Myositis ossificans
what is Myositis ossificans?
soft tissue begins behaving like bone
