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NYCC Physiopathology > Basic terms, Cellular adaptations, + Abnormal physiological processes > Flashcards

Basic terms, Cellular adaptations, + Abnormal physiological processes Flashcards

1
Q

the 7 Pillars (aspects) of a disease that form the core of Pathology are:

A

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

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2
Q

the Etiology of a disease is:

A

the 1st “domino”
start of the disease

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3
Q

the Pathogenesis of a disease is:

A

following “dominos”
development of the disease
Pre-diagnosis

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4
Q

the Manifestation of a disease is:

A

the signs & symptoms

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5
Q

the Progression of a disease is:

A

what happens Post-diagnosis

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6
Q

the Diagnosis of a disease is:

A

the characterization of a disease process

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7
Q

the 2 types of Treatment of a disease are:

A

Proper + Profolactive

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8
Q

Proper Treatment of a disease is ____

A

Retroactive (after manifestation)

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9
Q

Profolactive Treatment of a disease is ____

A

Proactive (before manifestation)

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10
Q

the Prognosis of a disease is:

A

the likely outcome of the disease

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11
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Focal vs Diffuse

A

Focal - know where it starts/stops, “well circumscribed”
Diffuse - Don’t know where it starts/stops, “poorley circumscribed”

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12
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Microscopic vs Macroscopic (gross)

A

Micro - zoom in
Macro - zoom out

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13
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Eosinophilic vs Basophilic

A

Eosinophilic - takes eosin dye in
Basophilic - actively dividing

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14
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Hyaline

A

having/developing a cartilaginous appearance

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15
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Endogenous vs Exogenous
give an example of pigments

A

Endogenous - found in body naturally (ex: melanin)
Exogenous - found outside body (ex: iron oxide / carbon black (tattoo ink)

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16
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Morbidity vs Mortality

A

Morbidity - state of being unhealthy
Mortality - prevalence of death in the pop.

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17
Q

Physical description of a tissue

Co-morbidity

A

>1 disease

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18
Q

Rxns of the body to injury and/or stress may include what 3 features?

A
  • cellular adaptations
  • reversible cell injury
  • irreversible cell injury (cell death)
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19
Q

The ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress is dictated by what factors?

(6)

A
  1. potential for regeneration
  2. severity of injury
  3. duration of injury
  4. condition of the cell
  5. location of the cell
  6. degree of cell specialization
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20
Q

Describe the relationship between the degree of a cell’s specialization and it’s ability to adapt

A

more specialized = less ability to adapt

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21
Q

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

the potential for regeneration is dictated by what 3 cell populations?

A

Labile cells, Stable cells, Permanent cells

22
Q

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

Labile cells are ____
give an example

potential for regeneration

A

a continuously renewing cell population
ex: anything epithelium

23
Q

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

Stable cells are ____
give an example

potential for regeneration

A

a (potentially) expanding cell population
ex: (stem cells) Hepatocytes + anything “blast”

potentially = requires signal

24
Q

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

Permanent cells are ____
give an example

potential for regeneration

A

a static cell population
ex: striated Mm. + CNS neurons

25
Q

Cells can adapt through modulation of their ____

A

size, shape, metabolism, + behavior

26
Q

the major forms of cellular adaptation are:

(5)

A

Atrophy, Hyperatrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia

27
Q

Atrophy

A

tissues/cells decrease in size

28
Q

____ is an adaptation to diminished need or resources for a cell’s activities

A

Atrophy

29
Q

Atrophy refers to the ____ of a cell or organ due to ____

A

shrinkage; loss of organelles

30
Q

Atrophy involves changes both in ____ + ____ of cellular constituents. In it’s most basic sense, atrophy is a cell’s reversible restructuring of its activities to facilitate its own survival and adapt to conditions of ____ use.

A

production + destruction
diminished

31
Q

Physiological atrophy

A

normal loss of endocrine stimulation

32
Q

Give an example of Physiological atrophy

A

muscles aren’t being used = couch potato

33
Q

Pathological atrophy

A

diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, abnormal loss of endocrine stim., decreased workload

34
Q

Give an example of Pathological atrophy

A

Atherosclerosis; heart failure

35
Q

Pathological atrophy is caused by a ___/___/___

A

disease/illness/condition (these are reversible conditions)

36
Q

Can a case be made for both physiological and/or pathological atrophy of the Cerebral cortex? give an example than can cause this

A

no, only Pathological;
Dementia, lack of blood supply to brain

37
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase cell size and functional capacity

38
Q

____ is due to an increase in production and # of intracellular organelles (increased metabolic demands on the cell/hormonal stim.)

A

Hypertrophy

39
Q

Physiological hypertrophy

A

increased functional demand

40
Q

give an example of Physiological hypertrophy

A

couch potato starts lifting again

41
Q

Pathological hypertrophy

A

goiter
hyperactivity of an endocrine gland
hormone-secreting tumor = hyperactivity of an endocrine gland
excessive abnormal demands on an organ: ie myocardial hypertrophy due to valve damage hypertension

42
Q

give an example of Pathological hypertrophy

A

Hypertension (increased BP), Atherosclerosis, hormone secreting tumor
= heart hypertrophy due to increased work of heart to get blood to flow

43
Q

Can a case be made for both physiological and/or pathological hypertrophy of an enlarged heart?

A

no, Pathological only

44
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in # of cells = increase in size of organ/tissue
(increased functional and/or metabolic demands on the cell or compensatory proliferation

45
Q

give examples of Physiological hyperplasia

A

hormonal stimulation (lactating breast)
increase RBCs at high altitude

46
Q

give examples of Pathological hyperplasia

A

Endometriosis, psoriasis, liver regeneration following damage (live liver donor b/c completely regenerates itself in 6 weeks)

47
Q

Surgery is always ____

A

Pathologic

48
Q

Metaplasia

A

substitute one cell type for another

49
Q

Metaplasia is a response to ____

A

persistent injury/irritation

50
Q

Though not restricted to squamous differentiation, Metaplasia is commonly ____ replaced by ____

A

glandular epithelium replaced by squamous epithelium

51
Q

give examples of Metaplasia

A

Squamous metaplasia (bronchus, bladder) (smokers)
Barret esophagus
Myositis ossificans

52
Q

what is Myositis ossificans?

A

soft tissue begins behaving like bone

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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