Basic terms, Cellular adaptations, + Abnormal physiological processes

Question 1

the 7 Pillars (aspects) of a disease that form the core of Pathology are:

Answer 1

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

Question 2

the Etiology of a disease is:

Answer 2

the 1st “domino”
start of the disease

Question 3

the Pathogenesis of a disease is:

Answer 3

following “dominos”
development of the disease
Pre-diagnosis

Question 4

the Manifestation of a disease is:

Answer 4

the signs & symptoms

Question 5

the Progression of a disease is:

Answer 5

what happens Post-diagnosis

Question 6

the Diagnosis of a disease is:

Answer 6

the characterization of a disease process

Question 7

the 2 types of Treatment of a disease are:

Answer 7

Proper + Profolactive

Question 8

Proper Treatment of a disease is ____

Answer 8

Retroactive (after manifestation)

Question 9

Profolactive Treatment of a disease is ____

Answer 9

Proactive (before manifestation)

Question 10

the Prognosis of a disease is:

Answer 10

the likely outcome of the disease

Question 11

Physical description of a tissue

Focal vs Diffuse

Answer 11

Focal - know where it starts/stops, “well circumscribed”
Diffuse - Don’t know where it starts/stops, “poorley circumscribed”

Question 12

Physical description of a tissue

Microscopic vs Macroscopic (gross)

Answer 12

Micro - zoom in
Macro - zoom out

Question 13

Physical description of a tissue

Eosinophilic vs Basophilic

Answer 13

Eosinophilic - takes eosin dye in
Basophilic - actively dividing

Question 14

Physical description of a tissue

Hyaline

Answer 14

having/developing a cartilaginous appearance

Question 15

Physical description of a tissue

Endogenous vs Exogenous
give an example of pigments

Answer 15

Endogenous - found in body naturally (ex: melanin)
Exogenous - found outside body (ex: iron oxide / carbon black (tattoo ink)

Question 16

Physical description of a tissue

Morbidity vs Mortality

Answer 16

Morbidity - state of being unhealthy
Mortality - prevalence of death in the pop.

Question 17

Physical description of a tissue

Co-morbidity

Answer 17

>1 disease

Question 18

Rxns of the body to injury and/or stress may include what 3 features?

Answer 18

• cellular adaptations
• reversible cell injury
• irreversible cell injury (cell death)

Question 19

The ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress is dictated by what factors?

(6)

Answer 19

1. potential for regeneration
2. severity of injury
3. duration of injury
4. condition of the cell
5. location of the cell
6. degree of cell specialization

Question 20

Describe the relationship between the degree of a cell’s specialization and it’s ability to adapt

Answer 20

more specialized = less ability to adapt

Question 21

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

the potential for regeneration is dictated by what 3 cell populations?

Answer 21

Labile cells, Stable cells, Permanent cells

Question 22

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

Labile cells are ____
give an example

potential for regeneration

Answer 22

a continuously renewing cell population
ex: anything epithelium

Question 23

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

Stable cells are ____
give an example

potential for regeneration

Answer 23

a (potentially) expanding cell population
ex: (stem cells) Hepatocytes + anything “blast”

potentially = requires signal

Question 24

ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress

Permanent cells are ____
give an example

potential for regeneration

Answer 24

a static cell population
ex: striated Mm. + CNS neurons

Question 25

Cells can adapt through modulation of their ____

Answer 25

size, shape, metabolism, + behavior

Question 26

the major forms of cellular adaptation are: | (5)

Answer 26

Atrophy, Hyperatrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia

Question 27

Atrophy

Answer 27

tissues/cells decrease in size

Question 28

____ is an adaptation to diminished need or resources for a cell's activities

Answer 28

Atrophy

Question 29

Atrophy refers to the ____ of a cell or organ due to ____

Answer 29

shrinkage; loss of organelles

Question 30

Atrophy involves changes both in ____ + ____ of cellular constituents. In it's most basic sense, atrophy is a cell's reversible restructuring of its activities to facilitate its own survival and adapt to conditions of ____ use.

Answer 30

production + destruction diminished

Question 31

Physiological atrophy

Answer 31

normal loss of endocrine stimulation

Question 32

Give an example of Physiological atrophy

Answer 32

muscles aren't being used = couch potato

Question 33

Pathological atrophy

Answer 33

**diminished blood supply**, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, abnormal loss of endocrine stim., decreased workload

Question 34

Give an example of Pathological atrophy

Answer 34

Atherosclerosis; heart failure

Question 35

Pathological atrophy is caused by a ___/___/___

Answer 35

disease/illness/condition (these are reversible conditions)

Question 36

Can a case be made for both physiological and/or pathological atrophy of the Cerebral cortex? give an example than can cause this

Answer 36

no, only Pathological; Dementia, lack of blood supply to brain

Question 37

Hypertrophy

Answer 37

increase cell size and functional capacity

Question 38

____ is due to an increase in production and # of intracellular organelles (increased metabolic demands on the cell/hormonal stim.)

Answer 38

Hypertrophy

Question 39

Physiological hypertrophy

Answer 39

increased functional demand

Question 40

give an example of Physiological hypertrophy

Answer 40

couch potato starts lifting again

Question 41

Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 41

goiter hyperactivity of an endocrine gland hormone-secreting tumor = hyperactivity of an endocrine gland excessive abnormal demands on an organ: ie myocardial hypertrophy due to valve damage hypertension

Question 42

give an example of Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 42

Hypertension (increased BP), Atherosclerosis, hormone secreting tumor = heart hypertrophy due to increased work of heart to get blood to flow

Question 43

Can a case be made for both physiological and/or pathological hypertrophy of an enlarged heart?

Answer 43

no, Pathological only

Question 44

Hyperplasia

Answer 44

increase in # of cells = increase in size of organ/tissue (increased functional and/or metabolic demands on the cell *or* compensatory proliferation

Question 45

give examples of Physiological hyperplasia

Answer 45

hormonal stimulation (lactating breast) increase RBCs at high altitude

Question 46

give examples of Pathological hyperplasia

Answer 46

Endometriosis, psoriasis, liver regeneration following damage (live liver donor b/c completely regenerates itself in 6 weeks)

Question 47

Surgery is always ____

Answer 47

Pathologic

Question 48

Metaplasia

Answer 48

substitute one cell type for another

Question 49

Metaplasia is a response to ____

Answer 49

persistent injury/irritation

Question 50

Though not restricted to squamous differentiation, Metaplasia is commonly ____ replaced by ____

Answer 50

glandular epithelium replaced by squamous epithelium

Question 51

give examples of Metaplasia

Answer 51

Squamous metaplasia (bronchus, bladder) (smokers) Barret esophagus Myositis ossificans

Question 52

what is Myositis ossificans?

Answer 52

soft tissue begins behaving like bone