Hemorrhage Flashcards

1
Q

name 5 causes of hemorrhage

A
  • trauma
  • aneurysms
  • erosion; microbes, neoplasia
  • vitamin deficiency (eg. vit K involved in clotting)
  • thrombocytopenia (low platelets -> people on chemotherapeutics)
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2
Q

clinical significance of hemorrhage is dependent on what 3 things?

A
  • volume of blood loss
  • rate of blood loss
  • location of hemorrhage
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3
Q

what is bleeding into thorax called?

A

hemothorax

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4
Q

what is ripping of heart and bleeding into pericardium called?

A

hemopericardium

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5
Q

what is hemoperitoneum?

A

bleeding into peritoneum

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6
Q

what is hemarthrosis?

A

bleeding in a joint

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7
Q

what is hematoma?

A

bleeding into a tissue (non-specific)

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8
Q

what is purpura?

A

multiple hemorrhages <1cm

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9
Q

what is the most common purpura in children?

A

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

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10
Q

what is the name for purpura in older adults?

A

senile purpura

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11
Q

what is the name for a common skin bruise

A

ecchymosis

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12
Q

what are 2 other names for petechiae?

A

pinpoint/splinter hemorrhage

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13
Q

an ascending aortic aneurism would cause what type of hemorrhage?

A

hemopericardium

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14
Q

an abdominal aortic aneurism would cause what type of hemorrhage?

A

hemoperitoneum

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15
Q

name 3 examples of hemorrhages in the skin?

A

purpura
ecchymosis
petechiae

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16
Q

what causes petechiae?

A

rapid increase in intercapillary P
(eg. valsalva maneuver, choking someone, gastritis w/vomitting)

17
Q

what is idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?

A

syndrome in which antibodies against platelet or megakaryocytic antigens cause thrombocytopenia

18
Q

what is the clinical presentation of acute ITP in children?

A
  • sudden onset of petechiae and purpura but are otherwise asymptomatic (may have frequent nose bleeds)
  • Spontaneous recovery occurs within 6 months in over 80% of cases
19
Q

what is a rare major threat for ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)?

A

intracranial hemorrhage

20
Q

what is the clinical presentation of chronic ITP in adults?

A
  • bleeding episodes, such as epistaxis, menorrhagia or ecchymoses
  • excessive bleeding after trauma and minor procedures (eg. tooth extraction)
21
Q

what is the most common X-linked inherited bleeding disorder?

A

hemophilia A (factor VIII Deficiency)

22
Q

how do patients with Hemophilia A present?

A
  • mild, moderate, or severe bleeding tendencies
  • hematuria (bleed into bladder), intestinal obstruction, respiratory obstruction may occur with bleeding into respective organs
  • hemarthrosis
23
Q

what is the most frequent complication of hemophilia A?

A

degenerative joint disease caused by repeated bleeding into many joints

24
Q

In Hemophilia A, what was formerly the most common cause of death which is now largely prevented by treatment?

A

bleeding into the brain

25
hemophilia B is an X-linked inherited disorder of deficiency of what clotting factor?
IX
26
clotting factor IX is a vitamin ____-dependent protein made in the liver
K
27
what are the bleeding manifestations of hemophilia B?
similar to hemophilia A
28
what can't you make if you are vitamin K deficient?
you cant make a fibrin plug
29
what is von Willebrand disease?
heterogeneous complex of hereditary bleeding disorders related to deficiency or abnormality of vWF (von willebrand factor)
30
most cases of vWD entail only a mild bleeding diathesis, except for what type?
type III
31
what is the presenting symptom of von Willebrand disease?
excessive hemorrhage after trauma or surgery
32
what life-threatening complication may occur in patients with type III vWD?
life-threating hemorrhage from the gut; hemarthroses like those in hemophilia are not unusual
33
what would the laboratory diagnosis of ITP be?
low platelet count
34
hemophilia A is a deficiency in what clotting factor?
VIII ("hemophilia AAAAAAte")
35
what is the laboratory diagnosis for hemophilia A and B?
deficient in clotting factors VIII or IX
36
how does von willebrand disease compare to hemophilia?
patients with vWD show immediate, mucocutaneous bleeding such as easy bruising, epstaxis, GI bleeding, and (in women) menorrhagia