Cell Adaptations & Intracellular Accumulations Flashcards
What is etiology?
The origin or cause of a disease
What is pathogenesis?
The development of a disease or sequence of events required for a disease to manifest
What is homeostasis?
The ability of cells to handle normal physiological demands and maintain a stable internal environment in the body
What does the loss of cell homeostasis result in?
Pathology
What are the “Seven pillars” of pathology?
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis
What is manifestation of a disease?
Signs and symptoms a doctor measures objectively or a patient projects or feels subjectively
What is the difference between signs and symptoms of a disease?
Signs are what a doctor objectively measures while symptoms are what a patient subjectively feels (Ie. Patient has signs of a fever and shows symptoms of feeling hot)
What is prophylactic treatment?
Clinical intervention before signs and symptoms occur; preventative treatment
What is proper treatment?
Clinical intervention after signs and symptoms occur; acute treatment
What is meant by the progression of a disease?
The clinical course of a disease
What is a prognosis?
The projected clinical outcome of a disease
What is irreversible cell injury known as?
Cell death
What is the difference between eosinophilic and basophilic cells?
Eosinophilic cells are pink and often dead due to a lack of nucleus while basophilic cells are blue, have a larger nucleus, and are preparing to divide
What are eosinophilic cells a sign of?
Cell death
What are basophilic cells possibly an indication of?
Cancer
What is hyaline change?
Degenerative change in a tissue, looks like hyaline cartilage
What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous? What is an example of each?
Endogenous means from within (melanin) while exogenous means from the exterior (carbon dust)
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity refers to what causes an individual to be ill or sick while mortality refers to what causes an individual to die
What is comorbidity?
The co-occurrence of two or more pathologies in a single individual
What factors determine the ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to injury or stress?
Potential for regeneration
Severity of injury
Duration of injury
Condition of the cell
Location of the cell
Degree of cell specialization
What is the relationship between the degree of cell specialization and a cells ability to adapt?
A more specialized cell with less functions is less adaptable than a cell with multiple functions
What characterizes labile cells? What are examples?
Cells that have a continuously renewing cell population
Ie. Epithelium such as skin and hair
What cellular adaptation is always pre-neoplastic?
Dysplasia
What characterizes stable cells? What are examples?
Cells with the potential to renew and expand (only when needed)
Ie. Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, hemocytoblasts, hepatocytes (liver cells)
What characterizes permanent cells? What are examples?
Cells with a static population; nonrenewable
I.e, striated muscle
What ways can cells adapt to injury or stress?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
What is cell atrophy?
An adaptation to diminished needs or resources for a cells activities resulting in shrinkage of a cell or organ due to loss of organelles
What defines physiological atrophy? What are examples?
Normal loss of endocrine stimulation
Ie. Bedridden patients, athletes who become injured for extensive periods of time, going from an active to a sedentary lifestyle
What defines pathological atrophy? What are examples of things that may cause it?
Diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, decreased workload, ABNORMAL loss of endocrine stimulation
Ie. nutrient deficiency syndromes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s, chronic pyelonephritis
What could be possible diagnoses causing focal pathological atrophy of the frontal lobe?
Internal carotid atherosclerosis (loss of blood flow to the frontal lobe) or dementia-related disorders such as Alzheimer’s
What cellular adaptation occurs in the frontal lobe of patients with Alzheimer’s?
Focal pathological atrophy
What does a stroke cause in brain cells?
Liquefactive necrosis (cell death and inflammation)
Is atrophy of the brain through aging a diffuse or focal form of cell atrophy? Is it pathological or physiological?
Diffuse physiological atrophy
What is cell hypertrophy?
An increase in cell size and functional capacity caused by increased metabolic demands and number of intracellular organelles
What causes hypertrophy of cells?
Increased metabolic demands
What defines physiological hypertrophy? What is an example?
Increased functional demands
Ie. Couch potato to working out causes cells to grow, birthing mother with hypertrophy of uterine walls
Pathological hypertrophy
Goiter, Hyperactivity of an endocrine gland, Hormone-Secreting tumors, Excessive demands on an organ
Ie. Myocardial hypertrophy due to high blood pressure, increased cell size due to pituitary tumor (pituitary gigantism), Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)
Graves’ disease can result in what primary cellular adaptation of the thyroid?
Hypertrophy
What is cell hyperplasia?
Increase in the NUMBER OF CELLS resulting in increased size of an organ or tissue
What are examples of physiological hyperplasia?
- Hormonal stimulation (ie. Lactating breasts in a pregnant or breastfeeding mother)
- increased RBCs at high altitude
What is pathological hyperplasia?
Cells abnormal growth in its location or in another location not where it is normally found
What is psoriasis? What cellular adaptation is occurring?
Common skin condition causing increased skin irritation, thickness, and redness
Pathological hyperplasia
What cellular adaptation is occurring in endometriosis?
Pathological focal hyperplasia
What cellular adaptation is a bone fracture going to cause in a normal system?
Pathological focal hyperplasia
What is cell metaplasia?
A change in which one terminally differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type (cells of one type become cells of another type)
Which cellular adaptations are always pathological?
Metaplasia and dysplasia
What are some diseases involving cell metaplasia?
Barrett’s esophagus, squamous metaplasia of the bladder and bronchi, myositis ossificans
What is squamous metaplasia?
When a tissue turns into stratified squamous for purposes of protection
Where does squamous metaplasia often occur?
Bladder, bronchi, and endocervix
What is the most common form of metaplasia?
Squamous metaplasia
Where does columnar metaplasia often occur?
Esophagus
What is Barrett esophagus?
Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus often at the gastroesophageal junction where the esophagus becomes simples columnar epithelium (like the stomach) to protect from acid reflux
What is myocitis ossificans?
Form of metaplasia where muscle ossifies and behaves like bone
What is cell dysplasia?
Poor or disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue
Are cells undergoing dysplasia basophilic or eosinophilic?
Basophilic
What is 100% cell dysplasia called?
Carcinoma in situ
When is dysplastic tissue considered malignant carcinoma?
When dyplastic carcinoma spreads to other tissues
What cellular adaptations are precursors to neoplasia?
Dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia
Name 3 features of cellular accumulations
- may be transient or permanent
- may be harmless or toxic
- may be located in cytoplasm (lysosomes) or nucleus
What causes intracellular accumulations?
- Increased production
- decreased metabolism
- increased deposition
- decreased transport
What are examples of intracellular accumulations?
Steatosis
Hydropic change
Pigments
Proteins
Glycogen
Cholesterol
What is steatosis?
Accumulation of triglycerides WITHIN parenchymal cells
What are causes of steatosis?
Protein malnutrition, toxins such as alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), obesity, and anoxia
What is the most common cause of steatosis?
Alcohol
What intracellular accumulation can be caused by sleep apnea? How?
Steatosis from anoxic environment
What intracellular accumulation can be caused by carbon tetrachloride dry cleaning products?
Steatosis
What organ is most commonly associated with steatosis?
Liver
What is cellular swelling?
AKA “Hydropic change” Increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells as well as cytoplasm and organelles
What organelles are primarily affected by hydropic change?
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
What is the most common cause of cellular swelling?
Loss of ATP resulting in failure of Na+/K+ pump
Name two examples of pigment accumulation
- hemosiderin
- lipofuscin
What is hemosiderin?
Accumulation of iron within parenchymal cells and interstitium leading to golden brown granules
(Pigment accumulation)
What is hemosiderin a result of?
Red blood cell breakdown that produces hemoglobin
What is hemosiderosis?
Localized common bruise from red blood cell breakdown (hemoglobin) causing accumulation of iron
What causes systemic hemosiderosis?
Blood transfusions, hemolytic anemia, genetic hemochromatosis
What is hemolytic anemia?
Type II hypersensitivity where a person makes antibodies against their own red blood cells
What is hemochromatosis?
Genetic disorder causing over-absorption of iron
What is lipofuscin?
Wear and tear pigment that results in an undigestible mixture of lipids and proteins caused by oxidative stress and increased age
What are some examples of glycogen storage disorders?
Pompe
McArdle
Cori
Von Gierke
What enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease?
Acid alpha glucosidase
What enzymes is deficient in Mcardle’s disease?
Myophosphorylase
What enzyme is deficient in Cori disease?
Debranching enzyme (alpha 1,6-glucosidase)
What is Von Gierke’s disease?
Genetic deficiency of glucose 6 phosphatase resulting in hyperlipidemia, gouty arthritis, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis
Where can cholesterol accumulate?
Macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls
What are examples of disorders of cholesterol accumulation?
Xanthomas and atherosclerosis
