Cell Adaptations & Intracellular Accumulations

Question 1

What is etiology?

Answer 1

The origin or cause of a disease

Question 2

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 2

The development of a disease or sequence of events required for a disease to manifest

Question 3

What is homeostasis?

Answer 3

The ability of cells to handle normal physiological demands and maintain a stable internal environment in the body

Question 4

What does the loss of cell homeostasis result in?

Answer 4

Pathology

Question 5

What are the “Seven pillars” of pathology?

Answer 5

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

Question 6

What is manifestation of a disease?

Answer 6

Signs and symptoms a doctor measures objectively or a patient projects or feels subjectively

Question 7

What is the difference between signs and symptoms of a disease?

Answer 7

Signs are what a doctor objectively measures while symptoms are what a patient subjectively feels (Ie. Patient has signs of a fever and shows symptoms of feeling hot)

Question 8

What is prophylactic treatment?

Answer 8

Clinical intervention before signs and symptoms occur; preventative treatment

Question 9

What is proper treatment?

Answer 9

Clinical intervention after signs and symptoms occur; acute treatment

Question 10

What is meant by the progression of a disease?

Answer 10

The clinical course of a disease

Question 11

What is a prognosis?

Answer 11

The projected clinical outcome of a disease

Question 12

What is irreversible cell injury known as?

Answer 12

Cell death

Question 13

What is the difference between eosinophilic and basophilic cells?

Answer 13

Eosinophilic cells are pink and often dead due to a lack of nucleus while basophilic cells are blue, have a larger nucleus, and are preparing to divide

Question 14

What are eosinophilic cells a sign of?

Answer 14

Cell death

Question 15

What are basophilic cells possibly an indication of?

Answer 15

Cancer

Question 16

What is hyaline change?

Answer 16

Degenerative change in a tissue, looks like hyaline cartilage

Question 17

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous? What is an example of each?

Answer 17

Endogenous means from within (melanin) while exogenous means from the exterior (carbon dust)

Question 18

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

Answer 18

Morbidity refers to what causes an individual to be ill or sick while mortality refers to what causes an individual to die

Question 19

What is comorbidity?

Answer 19

The co-occurrence of two or more pathologies in a single individual

Question 20

What factors determine the ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to injury or stress?

Answer 20

Potential for regeneration
Severity of injury
Duration of injury
Condition of the cell
Location of the cell
Degree of cell specialization

Question 21

What is the relationship between the degree of cell specialization and a cells ability to adapt?

Answer 21

A more specialized cell with less functions is less adaptable than a cell with multiple functions

Question 22

What characterizes labile cells? What are examples?

Answer 22

Cells that have a continuously renewing cell population
Ie. Epithelium such as skin and hair

Question 23

What cellular adaptation is always pre-neoplastic?

Answer 23

Dysplasia

Question 24

What characterizes stable cells? What are examples?

Answer 24

Cells with the potential to renew and expand (only when needed)
Ie. Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, hemocytoblasts, hepatocytes (liver cells)

Question 25

What characterizes permanent cells? What are examples?

Answer 25

Cells with a static population; nonrenewable I.e, striated muscle

Question 26

What ways can cells adapt to injury or stress?

Answer 26

Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia

Question 27

What is cell atrophy?

Answer 27

An adaptation to diminished needs or resources for a cells activities resulting in shrinkage of a cell or organ due to loss of organelles

Question 28

What defines physiological atrophy? What are examples?

Answer 28

Normal loss of endocrine stimulation Ie. Bedridden patients, athletes who become injured for extensive periods of time, going from an active to a sedentary lifestyle

Question 29

What defines pathological atrophy? What are examples of things that may cause it?

Answer 29

Diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, decreased workload, ABNORMAL loss of endocrine stimulation Ie. nutrient deficiency syndromes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, chronic pyelonephritis

Question 30

What could be possible diagnoses causing focal pathological atrophy of the frontal lobe?

Answer 30

Internal carotid atherosclerosis (loss of blood flow to the frontal lobe) or dementia-related disorders such as Alzheimer's

Question 31

What cellular adaptation occurs in the frontal lobe of patients with Alzheimer's?

Answer 31

Focal pathological atrophy

Question 32

What does a stroke cause in brain cells?

Answer 32

Liquefactive necrosis (cell death and inflammation)

Question 33

Is atrophy of the brain through aging a diffuse or focal form of cell atrophy? Is it pathological or physiological?

Answer 33

Diffuse physiological atrophy

Question 34

What is cell hypertrophy?

Answer 34

An increase in cell size and functional capacity caused by increased metabolic demands and number of intracellular organelles

Question 35

What causes hypertrophy of cells?

Answer 35

Increased metabolic demands

Question 36

What defines physiological hypertrophy? What is an example?

Answer 36

Increased functional demands Ie. Couch potato to working out causes cells to grow, birthing mother with hypertrophy of uterine walls

Question 37

Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 37

Goiter, Hyperactivity of an endocrine gland, Hormone-Secreting tumors, Excessive demands on an organ Ie. Myocardial hypertrophy due to high blood pressure, increased cell size due to pituitary tumor (pituitary gigantism), Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)

Question 38

Graves' disease can result in what primary cellular adaptation of the thyroid?

Answer 38

Hypertrophy

Question 39

What is cell hyperplasia?

Answer 39

Increase in the NUMBER OF CELLS resulting in increased size of an organ or tissue

Question 40

What are examples of physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 40

- Hormonal stimulation (ie. Lactating breasts in a pregnant or breastfeeding mother) - increased RBCs at high altitude

Question 41

What is pathological hyperplasia?

Answer 41

Cells abnormal growth in its location or in another location not where it is normally found

Question 42

What is psoriasis? What cellular adaptation is occurring?

Answer 42

Common skin condition causing increased skin irritation, thickness, and redness Pathological hyperplasia

Question 43

What cellular adaptation is occurring in endometriosis?

Answer 43

Pathological focal hyperplasia

Question 44

What cellular adaptation is a bone fracture going to cause in a normal system?

Answer 44

Pathological focal hyperplasia

Question 45

What is cell metaplasia?

Answer 45

A change in which one terminally differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type (cells of one type become cells of another type)

Question 46

Which cellular adaptations are always pathological?

Answer 46

Metaplasia and dysplasia

Question 47

What are some diseases involving cell metaplasia?

Answer 47

Barrett's esophagus, squamous metaplasia of the bladder and bronchi, myositis ossificans

Question 48

What is squamous metaplasia?

Answer 48

When a tissue turns into stratified squamous for purposes of protection

Question 49

Where does squamous metaplasia often occur?

Answer 49

Bladder, bronchi, and endocervix

Question 50

What is the most common form of metaplasia?

Answer 50

Squamous metaplasia

Question 51

Where does columnar metaplasia often occur?

Answer 51

Esophagus

Question 52

What is Barrett esophagus?

Answer 52

Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus often at the gastroesophageal junction where the esophagus becomes simples columnar epithelium (like the stomach) to protect from acid reflux

Question 53

What is myocitis ossificans?

Answer 53

Form of metaplasia where muscle ossifies and behaves like bone

Question 54

What is cell dysplasia?

Answer 54

Poor or disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

Question 55

Are cells undergoing dysplasia basophilic or eosinophilic?

Answer 55

Basophilic

Question 56

What is 100% cell dysplasia called?

Answer 56

Carcinoma in situ

Question 57

When is dysplastic tissue considered malignant carcinoma?

Answer 57

When dyplastic carcinoma spreads to other tissues

Question 58

What cellular adaptations are precursors to neoplasia?

Answer 58

Dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia

Question 59

Name 3 features of cellular accumulations

Answer 59

- may be transient or permanent - may be harmless or toxic - may be located in cytoplasm (lysosomes) or nucleus

Question 60

What causes intracellular accumulations?

Answer 60

- Increased production - decreased metabolism - increased deposition - decreased transport

Question 61

What are examples of intracellular accumulations?

Answer 61

Steatosis Hydropic change Pigments Proteins Glycogen Cholesterol

Question 62

What is steatosis?

Answer 62

Accumulation of triglycerides WITHIN parenchymal cells

Question 63

What are causes of steatosis?

Answer 63

Protein malnutrition, toxins such as alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), obesity, and anoxia

Question 64

What is the most common cause of steatosis?

Answer 64

Alcohol

Question 65

What intracellular accumulation can be caused by sleep apnea? How?

Answer 65

Steatosis from anoxic environment

Question 66

What intracellular accumulation can be caused by carbon tetrachloride dry cleaning products?

Answer 66

Steatosis

Question 67

What organ is most commonly associated with steatosis?

Answer 67

Liver

Question 68

What is cellular swelling?

Answer 68

AKA "Hydropic change" Increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells as well as cytoplasm and organelles

Question 69

What organelles are primarily affected by hydropic change?

Answer 69

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

Question 70

What is the most common cause of cellular swelling?

Answer 70

Loss of ATP resulting in failure of Na+/K+ pump

Question 71

Name two examples of pigment accumulation

Answer 71

- hemosiderin - lipofuscin

Question 72

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 72

Accumulation of iron within parenchymal cells and interstitium leading to golden brown granules (Pigment accumulation)

Question 73

What is hemosiderin a result of?

Answer 73

Red blood cell breakdown that produces hemoglobin

Question 74

What is hemosiderosis?

Answer 74

Localized common bruise from red blood cell breakdown (hemoglobin) causing accumulation of iron

Question 75

What causes systemic hemosiderosis?

Answer 75

Blood transfusions, hemolytic anemia, genetic hemochromatosis

Question 76

What is hemolytic anemia?

Answer 76

Type II hypersensitivity where a person makes antibodies against their own red blood cells

Question 77

What is hemochromatosis?

Answer 77

Genetic disorder causing over-absorption of iron

Question 78

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 78

Wear and tear pigment that results in an undigestible mixture of lipids and proteins caused by oxidative stress and increased age

Question 79

What are some examples of glycogen storage disorders?

Answer 79

Pompe McArdle Cori Von Gierke

Question 80

What enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease?

Answer 80

Acid alpha glucosidase

Question 81

What enzymes is deficient in Mcardle's disease?

Answer 81

Myophosphorylase

Question 82

What enzyme is deficient in Cori disease?

Answer 82

Debranching enzyme (alpha 1,6-glucosidase)

Question 83

What is Von Gierke's disease?

Answer 83

Genetic deficiency of glucose 6 phosphatase resulting in hyperlipidemia, gouty arthritis, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis

Question 84

Where can cholesterol accumulate?

Answer 84

Macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls

Question 85

What are examples of disorders of cholesterol accumulation?

Answer 85

Xanthomas and atherosclerosis