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NYCC Physiopathology > Cell Adaptations & Intracellular Accumulations > Flashcards

Cell Adaptations & Intracellular Accumulations Flashcards

1
Q

What is etiology?

A

The origin or cause of a disease

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2
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The development of a disease or sequence of events required for a disease to manifest

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability of cells to handle normal physiological demands and maintain a stable internal environment in the body

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4
Q

What does the loss of cell homeostasis result in?

A

Pathology

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5
Q

What are the “Seven pillars” of pathology?

A

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

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6
Q

What is manifestation of a disease?

A

Signs and symptoms a doctor measures objectively or a patient projects or feels subjectively

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7
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms of a disease?

A

Signs are what a doctor objectively measures while symptoms are what a patient subjectively feels (Ie. Patient has signs of a fever and shows symptoms of feeling hot)

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8
Q

What is prophylactic treatment?

A

Clinical intervention before signs and symptoms occur; preventative treatment

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9
Q

What is proper treatment?

A

Clinical intervention after signs and symptoms occur; acute treatment

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10
Q

What is meant by the progression of a disease?

A

The clinical course of a disease

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11
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

The projected clinical outcome of a disease

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12
Q

What is irreversible cell injury known as?

A

Cell death

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13
Q

What is the difference between eosinophilic and basophilic cells?

A

Eosinophilic cells are pink and often dead due to a lack of nucleus while basophilic cells are blue, have a larger nucleus, and are preparing to divide

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14
Q

What are eosinophilic cells a sign of?

A

Cell death

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15
Q

What are basophilic cells possibly an indication of?

A

Cancer

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16
Q

What is hyaline change?

A

Degenerative change in a tissue, looks like hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous? What is an example of each?

A

Endogenous means from within (melanin) while exogenous means from the exterior (carbon dust)

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18
Q

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

A

Morbidity refers to what causes an individual to be ill or sick while mortality refers to what causes an individual to die

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19
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

The co-occurrence of two or more pathologies in a single individual

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20
Q

What factors determine the ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to injury or stress?

A

Potential for regeneration
Severity of injury
Duration of injury
Condition of the cell
Location of the cell
Degree of cell specialization

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the degree of cell specialization and a cells ability to adapt?

A

A more specialized cell with less functions is less adaptable than a cell with multiple functions

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22
Q

What characterizes labile cells? What are examples?

A

Cells that have a continuously renewing cell population
Ie. Epithelium such as skin and hair

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23
Q

What cellular adaptation is always pre-neoplastic?

A

Dysplasia

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24
Q

What characterizes stabile cells? What are examples?

A

Cells with the potential to renew and expand (only when needed)
Ie. Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, hemocytoblasts, hepatocytes (liver cells)

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25
Q

What characterizes permanent cells? What are examples?

A

Cells with a static population; nonrenewable
I.e, striated muscle

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26
Q

What ways can cells adapt to injury or stress?

A

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

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27
Q

What is cell atrophy?

A

An adaptation to diminished needs or resources for a cells activities resulting in shrinkage of a cell or organ due to loss of organelles

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28
Q

What defines physiological atrophy? What are examples?

A

Normal loss of endocrine stimulation
Ie. Bedridden patients, athletes who become injured for extensive periods of time, going from an active to a sedentary lifestyle

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29
Q

What defines pathological atrophy? What are examples of things that may cause it?

A

Diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, decreased workload, ABNORMAL loss of endocrine stimulation
Ie. nutrient deficiency syndromes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s, chronic pyelonephritis

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30
Q

What could be possible diagnoses causing focal pathological atrophy of the frontal lobe?

A

Internal carotid atherosclerosis (loss of blood flow to the frontal lobe) or dementia-related disorders such as Alzheimer’s

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31
Q

What cellular adaptation occurs in the frontal lobe of patients with Alzheimer’s?

A

Focal pathological atrophy

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32
Q

What does a stroke cause in brain cells?

A

Liquefactive necrosis (cell death and inflammation)

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33
Q

Is atrophy of the brain through aging a diffuse or focal form of cell atrophy? Is it pathological or physiological?

A

Diffuse physiological atrophy

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34
Q

What is cell hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size and functional capacity caused by increased metabolic demands and number of intracellular organelles

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35
Q

What causes hypertrophy of cells?

A

Increased metabolic demands

36
Q

What defines physiological hypertrophy? What is an example?

A

Increased functional demands
Ie. Couch potato to working out causes cells to grow, birthing mother with hypertrophy of uterine walls

37
Q

Pathological hypertrophy

A

Goiter, Hyperactivity of an endocrine gland, Hormone-Secreting tumors, Excessive demands on an organ
Ie. Myocardial hypertrophy due to high blood pressure, increased cell size due to pituitary tumor (pituitary gigantism), Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

38
Q

Graves’ disease can result in what primary cellular adaptation of the thyroid?

A

Hypertrophy

39
Q

What is cell hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the NUMBER OF CELLS resulting in increased size of an organ or tissue

40
Q

What are examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A
  • Hormonal stimulation (ie. Lactating breasts in a pregnant or breastfeeding mother)
  • increased RBCs at high altitude
41
Q

What is pathological hyperplasia?

A

Cells abnormal growth in its location or in another location not where it is normally found

42
Q

What is psoriasis? What cellular adaptation is occurring?

A

Common skin condition causing increased skin irritation, thickness, and redness
Pathological hyperplasia

43
Q

What cellular adaptation is occurring in endometriosis?

A

Pathological focal hyperplasia

44
Q

What cellular adaptation is a bone fracture going to cause in a normal system?

A

Pathological focal hyperplasia

45
Q

What is cell metaplasia?

A

A change in which one terminally differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type (cells of one type become cells of another type)

46
Q

Which cellular adaptations are always pathological?

A

Metaplasia and dysplasia

47
Q

What are some diseases involving cell metaplasia?

A

Barrett’s esophagus, squamous metaplasia of the bladder and bronchi, myositis ossificans

48
Q

What is squamous metaplasia?

A

When a tissue turns into stratified squamous for purposes of protection

49
Q

Where does squamous metaplasia often occur?

A

Bladder, bronchi, and endocervix

50
Q

What is the most common form of metaplasia?

A

Squamous metaplasia

51
Q

Where does columnar metaplasia often occur?

A

Esophagus

52
Q

What is Barrett esophagus?

A

Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus often at the gastroesophageal junction where the esophagus becomes simples columnar epithelium (like the stomach) to protect from acid reflux

53
Q

What is myocitis ossificans?

A

Form of metaplasia where muscle ossifies and behaves like bone

54
Q

What is cell dysplasia?

A

Poor or disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

55
Q

Are cells undergoing dysplasia basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

Basophilic

56
Q

What is 100% cell dysplasia called?

A

Carcinoma in situ

57
Q

When is dysplastic tissue considered malignant carcinoma?

A

When dyplastic carcinoma spreads to other tissues

58
Q

What cellular adaptations are precursors to neoplasia?

A

Dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia

59
Q

Name 3 features of cellular accumulations

A
  • may be transient or permanent
  • may be harmless or toxic
  • may be located in cytoplasm (lysosomes) or nucleus
60
Q

What causes intracellular accumulations?

A
  • Increased production
  • decreased metabolism
  • increased deposition
  • decreased transport
61
Q

What are examples of intracellular accumulations?

A

Steatosis
Hydropic change
Pigments
Proteins
Glycogen
Cholesterol

62
Q

What is steatosis?

A

Accumulation of triglycerides WITHIN parenchymal cells

63
Q

What are causes of steatosis?

A

Protein malnutrition, toxins such as alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), obesity, and anoxia

64
Q

What is the most common cause of steatosis?

A

Alcohol

65
Q

What intracellular accumulation can be caused by sleep apnea? How?

A

Steatosis from anoxic environment

66
Q

What intracellular accumulation can be caused by carbon tetrachloride dry cleaning products?

A

Steatosis

67
Q

What organ is most commonly associated with steatosis?

A

Liver

68
Q

What is cellular swelling?

A

AKA “Hydropic change” Increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells as well as cytoplasm and organelles

69
Q

What organelles are primarily affected by hydropic change?

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

70
Q

What is the most common cause of cellular swelling?

A

Loss of ATP resulting in failure of Na+/K+ pump

71
Q

Name two examples of pigment accumulation

A
  • hemosiderin
  • lipofuscin
72
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

Accumulation of iron within parenchymal cells and interstitium leading to golden brown granules
(Pigment accumulation)

73
Q

What is hemosiderin a result of?

A

Red blood cell breakdown that produces hemoglobin

74
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

Localized common bruise from red blood cell breakdown (hemoglobin) causing accumulation of iron

75
Q

What causes systemic hemosiderosis?

A

Blood transfusions, hemolytic anemia, genetic hemochromatosis

76
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Type II hypersensitivity where a person makes antibodies against their own red blood cells

77
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Genetic disorder causing over-absorption of iron

78
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Wear and tear pigment that results in an undigestible mixture of lipids and proteins caused by oxidative stress and increased age

79
Q

What are some examples of glycogen storage disorders?

A

Pompe
McArdle
Cori
Von Gierke

80
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease?

A

Acid alpha glucosidase

81
Q

What enzymes is deficient in Mcardle’s disease?

A

Myophosphorylase

82
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Cori disease?

A

Debranching enzyme (alpha 1,6-glucosidase)

83
Q

What is Von Gierke’s disease?

A

Genetic deficiency of glucose 6 phosphatase resulting in hyperlipidemia, gouty arthritis, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis

84
Q

Where can cholesterol accumulate?

A

Macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls

85
Q

What are examples of disorders of cholesterol accumulation?

A

Xanthomas and atherosclerosis

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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