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NYCC Physiopathology > Neoplasm Nomenclature and Principles > Flashcards

Neoplasm Nomenclature and Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue are most cancers derived from?

A

Epithelium (85% of all tumors)

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2
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth that is autonomous and beyond normal physiological constraints

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3
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Solid mass or tumor of new growth

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4
Q

What is a tumor?

A

An unspecified mass that may or may not be neoplastic

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5
Q

All tumors are neoplasms (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

FALSE
(all neoplasms are tumors)

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6
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of masses (cancer, tumors)

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7
Q

What is a benign neoplasm?

A
  • A mass that does not have the ability to invade tissue and become malignant
  • Localized and well differentiated with clear borders
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8
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A
  • Cancer, a mass that has the capability to invade tissues
  • Poorly differentiated with unclear borders, invasive with the ability to metastasize
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9
Q

What is differentiation in regards to cancer?

A
  • The degree of resemblance of a tissue to the tissue of origin
  • The process of becoming different by modification
  • To change from relatively generalized to specialized as in development
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10
Q

What does the suffix “oma” imply?

A

Benign growth

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11
Q

What does the suffix “sarcoma” imply?

A

Malignant growth of mesencyhmal origin

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12
Q

What does the suffix “carcinoma” imply?

A

Malignant growth of epithelial origin

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13
Q

What are examples of tissues that develop a “carcinoma”?

A

Liver, squamous cells, bronchi, trachea

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14
Q

What does the prefix “adeno” imply?

A

Neoplastic growth of glandular epithelium

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15
Q

What are examples of tissues that develop an “adenocarcinoma”?

A

Stomach, esophagus, thyroid, breast, pancreas

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16
Q

Differentiation of tissue involves going from _______________ to ________________?

A

General, specific

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17
Q

What is a well-differentiated neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm that looks similar to the tissue of origin with which it arose from

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18
Q

What is a poorly-differentiated neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm that is bizarre, disorderly, and unrecognizable compared to the tissue of origin

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19
Q

What does an undifferentiated neoplasm indicate about the behaviour of the neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm that is malignant and invasive

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20
Q

Patients with a well-differentiated neoplasm are (More/Less) likely to survive for a longer period of time?

A

More

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21
Q

Patients with an anaplastic neoplasm are (More/Less) likely to survive for a longer period of time?

A

Less

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22
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of or loss of cell differentiation in a tissue; undifferentiated

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23
Q

A benign neoplasm tends to be ________ differentiated?

A

Well

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24
Q

A malignant neoplasm tends to be ____________ differentiated or ____________?

A

Poorly, anaplastic

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25
What is hyperchromatism?
Darkening of nuclei with chromatin clumping and large nucleoli indicative of rapid division
26
What is pleomorphism?
Variation in the size and shape of cells and their nuclei
27
What is the most important evidence of malignancy?
Invasion through the primary site
28
What is invasion?
Growth of a primary tumor into surrounding host tissue of origin
29
What are the two basic components of tumors?
- Parenchyma of proliferating neoplastic cells - Supportive stroma of CT and blood vessels
30
What is desmoplasia?
Formation of abundant dense CT stroma in a cancerous tissue with a "hard and stony" feel
31
A nine year old girl hits the proximal part of her elbow and a bump forms. A radiograph is taken at the metaphysial region of the elbow where the bump has formed. A biopsy is taken and the bump closely resembles hyaline cartilage. The bump is easy to move upon palpation. What is the likely diagnosis?
Chondroma
32
What nomenclature describes a benign non-glandular epithelial tissue?
Epithelioma or papilloma
33
What nomenclature describes a malignant non-glandular epithelial tissue?
Carcinoma
34
What nomenclature describes a benign glandular epithelial tissue?
Adenoma
35
What nomenclature describes a malignant glandular epithelial tissue?
Adenocarcinoma
36
What nomenclature describes a benign fibrous tissue?
Fibroma
37
What nomenclature describes a malignant fibrous tissue?
Fibrosarcoma
38
What nomenclature describes a benign fat tissue?
Lipoma
39
What nomenclature describes a malignant fat tissue?
Liposarcoma
40
What nomenclature describes a benign vascular tissue?
Angioma
41
What nomenclature describes a malignant vascular tissue?
Angiosarcoma
42
What nomenclature describes a benign smooth muscle tissue?
Leiomyoma
43
What nomenclature describes a malignant smooth muscle tissue?
Leiomyosarcoma
44
What nomenclature describes a benign striated muscle tissue?
Rhabdomyoma
45
What nomenclature describes a malignant striated muscle tissue?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
46
What nomenclature describes a benign bone tissue?
Osteoma
47
What nomenclature describes a malignant bone tissue?
Osteosarcoma
48
What nomenclature describes a benign cartilage tissue?
Chondroma
49
What nomenclature describes a malignant cartilage tissue?
Chondrosarcoma
50
What disease is considered a benign neoplasm of lymphocytes or lymphoid tissue?
Infectious mononucleosis
51
What nomenclature describes Hodgkin's disease?
Lymphoma
52
What nomenclature describes a malignant lymphocyte or lymphoid tissue?
Lymphoma
53
What nomenclature describes both a benign and malignant neoplasm of thymus tissue?
Thymoma
54
What nomenclature describes a benign granulocyte neoplasm?
Granulocytosis
55
What will be shown on a patient's CBC if they have been given a diagnosis of granulocytosis?
Increased granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
56
What nomenclature describes a malignant granulocyte neoplasm?
Myelogenous leukemia (Granulocytic leukemia)
57
What nomenclature describes a malignant plasma cell neoplasm?
Multiple myeloma
58
What nomenclature describes a benign erythrocyte (RBC) neoplasm?
Polycythemia vera
59
What will be evident in a patients blood if they have polycythemia vera?
Increased blood hematocrit (% RBC in blood)
60
What nomenclature describes a malignant erythrocyte neoplasm?
Erythroleukemia
61
What nomenclature describes a benign brain glial cell neoplasm?
Astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma
62
What nomenclature describes a malignant brain glial cell neoplasm?
Glioblastoma multiforme
63
What nomenclature describes a benign meningeal neoplasm?
Meningioma
64
What nomenclature describes a malignant meningeal neoplasm?
Meningeal sarcoma
65
What nomenclature describes a benign neuron neoplasm?
Ganglioneuroma
66
What nomenclature describes a malignant neuron neoplasm?
Neuroblastoma
67
What nomenclature describes both a benign and malignant adrenal medulla neoplasm?
Pheochromocytoma
68
What nomenclature describes a malignant retina neoplasm?
Retinoblastoma
69
What nomenclature describes a benign neoplasm of the adrenal medulla?
Pheochromocytoma
70
What nomenclature describes a malignant neoplasm of the adrenal medulla?
Pheochromocytoma
71
What nomenclature describes a malignant neoplasm of the skin?
Melanoma
72
A melanoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of the skin?
Malignant
73
What nomenclature describes a malignant testicular neoplasm?
Seminoma
74
A seminoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of the testicles?
Malignant
75
A lymphoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of the lymph nodes or lymphocytes?
Malignant
76
What is a dermoid cyst or teratoma?
- tumour containing all 3 germ layers - Monstrous tumor of mixed histogenetic origin containing skin, hair, teeth, nails etc.
77
What is the nomenclature given to a benign dermoid cyst?
Mature teratoma
78
What is the nomenclature given to a malignant dermoid cyst?
Immature teratoma
79
A mature teratoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm?
Benign
80
An immature teratoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm?
Malignant
81
What nomenclature describes a malignant bone marrow neoplasm?
Leukemia
82
What is a Krukenburg tumor?
Malignant ovarian tumor caused by the Mets spread of stomach cancer to the ovaries causing infertility
83
What can the metastatic pattern of the stomach cause in the ovaries?
Krukenburg tumor
84
The suffix "blastoma" implies what?
Cancer is more likely to occur in children
85
Benign neoplasms are (Encapsulated/Non-encapsulated)?
Encapsulated
86
Benign neoplasms are (Invasive/Non-invasive)?
Non-invasive
87
Benign neoplasms undergo (Rapid growth/Slow or no growth)?
Slow or no growth
88
Benign neoplasms are metastatic (TRUE/FALSE)?
FALSE
89
Malignant neoplasms are metastatic or capable of becoming metastatic (TRUE/FALSE)?
TRUE
90
Malignant neoplasms are (Encapsulated/Non-encapsulated)?
Non-encapsulated
91
Malignant neoplasms are (Invasive/Non-invasive)?
Invasive
92
Malignant neoplasms undergo (Rapid growth/Slow or no growth)?
Rapid growth
93
Malignant neoplasms are relatively anaplastic (TRUE/FALSE)?
TRUE
94
If a mass is highly mobile upon palpation, the mass is likely (Benign/Malignant)?
Benign
95
A (Malignant/Benign) neoplasm is easy to remove via surgical excision?
Benign
96
A malignant neoplasm is easily removed via surgical excision (TRUE/FALSE)?
FALSE
97
Patient presents with pain in the lateral thigh with a lump present. Biopsy shows bizarre cells, hyperchromatic nuclei, and is unrecognizable from normal skeletal muscle tissue in the thigh. What is a likely diagnosis for this patient?
Rhabdomyosarcoma

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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