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NYCC Physiopathology > Neoplasm Nomenclature and Principles > Flashcards

Neoplasm Nomenclature and Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue are most cancers derived from?

A

Epithelium (85% of all tumors)

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2
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth that is autonomous and beyond normal physiological constraints

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3
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Solid mass or tumor of new growth

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4
Q

What is a tumor?

A

An unspecified mass that may or may not be neoplastic

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5
Q

All tumors are neoplasms (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

FALSE
(all neoplasms are tumors)

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6
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of masses (cancer, tumors)

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7
Q

What is a benign neoplasm?

A
  • A mass that does not have the ability to invade tissue and become malignant
  • Localized and well differentiated with clear borders
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8
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A
  • Cancer, a mass that has the capability to invade tissues
  • Poorly differentiated with unclear borders, invasive with the ability to metastasize
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9
Q

What is differentiation in regards to cancer?

A
  • The degree of resemblance of a tissue to the tissue of origin
  • The process of becoming different by modification
  • To change from relatively generalized to specialized as in development
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10
Q

What does the suffix “oma” imply?

A

Benign growth

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11
Q

What does the suffix “sarcoma” imply?

A

Malignant growth of mesencyhmal origin

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12
Q

What does the suffix “carcinoma” imply?

A

Malignant growth of epithelial origin

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13
Q

What are examples of tissues that develop a “carcinoma”?

A

Liver, squamous cells, bronchi, trachea

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14
Q

What does the prefix “adeno” imply?

A

Neoplastic growth of glandular epithelium

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15
Q

What are examples of tissues that develop an “adenocarcinoma”?

A

Stomach, esophagus, thyroid, breast, pancreas

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16
Q

Differentiation of tissue involves going from _______________ to ________________?

A

General, specific

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17
Q

What is a well-differentiated neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm that looks similar to the tissue of origin with which it arose from

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18
Q

What is a poorly-differentiated neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm that is bizarre, disorderly, and unrecognizable compared to the tissue of origin

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19
Q

What does an undifferentiated neoplasm indicate about the behaviour of the neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm that is malignant and invasive

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20
Q

Patients with a well-differentiated neoplasm are (More/Less) likely to survive for a longer period of time?

A

More

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21
Q

Patients with an anaplastic neoplasm are (More/Less) likely to survive for a longer period of time?

A

Less

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22
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of or loss of cell differentiation in a tissue; undifferentiated

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23
Q

A benign neoplasm tends to be ________ differentiated?

A

Well

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24
Q

A malignant neoplasm tends to be ____________ differentiated or ____________?

A

Poorly, anaplastic

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25
Q

What is hyperchromatism?

A

Darkening of nuclei with chromatin clumping and large nucleoli indicative of rapid division

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26
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Variation in the size and shape of cells and their nuclei

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27
Q

What is the most important evidence of malignancy?

A

Invasion through the primary site

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28
Q

What is invasion?

A

Growth of a primary tumor into surrounding host tissue of origin

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29
Q

What are the two basic components of tumors?

A
  • Parenchyma of proliferating neoplastic cells
  • Supportive stroma of CT and blood vessels
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30
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Formation of abundant dense CT stroma in a cancerous tissue with a “hard and stony” feel

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31
Q

A nine year old girl hits the proximal part of her elbow and a bump forms. A radiograph is taken at the metaphysial region of the elbow where the bump has formed. A biopsy is taken and the bump closely resembles hyaline cartilage. The bump is easy to move upon palpation. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Chondroma

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32
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign non-glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelioma or papilloma

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33
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant non-glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Carcinoma

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34
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Adenoma

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35
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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36
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign fibrous tissue?

A

Fibroma

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37
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant fibrous tissue?

A

Fibrosarcoma

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38
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign fat tissue?

A

Lipoma

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39
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant fat tissue?

A

Liposarcoma

40
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign vascular tissue?

A

Angioma

41
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant vascular tissue?

A

Angiosarcoma

42
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign smooth muscle tissue?

A

Leiomyoma

43
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant smooth muscle tissue?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

44
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign striated muscle tissue?

A

Rhabdomyoma

45
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant striated muscle tissue?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

46
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign bone tissue?

A

Osteoma

47
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant bone tissue?

A

Osteosarcoma

48
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign cartilage tissue?

A

Chondroma

49
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant cartilage tissue?

A

Chondrosarcoma

50
Q

What disease is considered a benign neoplasm of lymphocytes or lymphoid tissue?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

51
Q

What nomenclature describes Hodgkin’s disease?

A

Lymphoma

52
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant lymphocyte or lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoma

53
Q

What nomenclature describes both a benign and malignant neoplasm of thymus tissue?

A

Thymoma

54
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign granulocyte neoplasm?

A

Granulocytosis

55
Q

What will be shown on a patient’s CBC if they have been given a diagnosis of granulocytosis?

A

Increased granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

56
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant granulocyte neoplasm?

A

Myelogenous leukemia (Granulocytic leukemia)

57
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant plasma cell neoplasm?

A

Multiple myeloma

58
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign erythrocyte (RBC) neoplasm?

A

Polycythemia vera

59
Q

What will be evident in a patients blood if they have polycythemia vera?

A

Increased blood hematocrit (% RBC in blood)

60
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant erythrocyte neoplasm?

A

Erythroleukemia

61
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign brain glial cell neoplasm?

A

Astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma

62
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant brain glial cell neoplasm?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

63
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign meningeal neoplasm?

A

Meningioma

64
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant meningeal neoplasm?

A

Meningeal sarcoma

65
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign neuron neoplasm?

A

Ganglioneuroma

66
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant neuron neoplasm?

A

Neuroblastoma

67
Q

What nomenclature describes both a benign and malignant adrenal medulla neoplasm?

A

Pheochromocytoma

68
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant retina neoplasm?

A

Retinoblastoma

69
Q

What nomenclature describes a benign neoplasm of the adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

70
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant neoplasm of the adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

71
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant neoplasm of the skin?

A

Melanoma

72
Q

A melanoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of the skin?

A

Malignant

73
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant testicular neoplasm?

A

Seminoma

74
Q

A seminoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of the testicles?

A

Malignant

75
Q

A lymphoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of the lymph nodes or lymphocytes?

A

Malignant

76
Q

What is a dermoid cyst or teratoma?

A
  • tumour containing all 3 germ layers
  • Monstrous tumor of mixed histogenetic origin containing skin, hair, teeth, nails etc.
77
Q

What is the nomenclature given to a benign dermoid cyst?

A

Mature teratoma

78
Q

What is the nomenclature given to a malignant dermoid cyst?

A

Immature teratoma

79
Q

A mature teratoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm?

A

Benign

80
Q

An immature teratoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm?

A

Malignant

81
Q

What nomenclature describes a malignant bone marrow neoplasm?

A

Leukemia

82
Q

What is a Krukenburg tumor?

A

Malignant ovarian tumor caused by the Mets spread of stomach cancer to the ovaries causing infertility

83
Q

What can the metastatic pattern of the stomach cause in the ovaries?

A

Krukenburg tumor

84
Q

The suffix “blastoma” implies what?

A

Cancer is more likely to occur in children

85
Q

Benign neoplasms are (Encapsulated/Non-encapsulated)?

A

Encapsulated

86
Q

Benign neoplasms are (Invasive/Non-invasive)?

A

Non-invasive

87
Q

Benign neoplasms undergo (Rapid growth/Slow or no growth)?

A

Slow or no growth

88
Q

Benign neoplasms are metastatic (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

FALSE

89
Q

Malignant neoplasms are metastatic or capable of becoming metastatic (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

TRUE

90
Q

Malignant neoplasms are (Encapsulated/Non-encapsulated)?

A

Non-encapsulated

91
Q

Malignant neoplasms are (Invasive/Non-invasive)?

A

Invasive

92
Q

Malignant neoplasms undergo (Rapid growth/Slow or no growth)?

A

Rapid growth

93
Q

Malignant neoplasms are relatively anaplastic (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

TRUE

94
Q

If a mass is highly mobile upon palpation, the mass is likely (Benign/Malignant)?

A

Benign

95
Q

A (Malignant/Benign) neoplasm is easy to remove via surgical excision?

A

Benign

96
Q

A malignant neoplasm is easily removed via surgical excision (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

FALSE

97
Q

Patient presents with pain in the lateral thigh with a lump present. Biopsy shows bizarre cells, hyperchromatic nuclei, and is unrecognizable from normal skeletal muscle tissue in the thigh. What is a likely diagnosis for this patient?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

NYCC Physiopathology (28 decks)

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