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NYCC Physiopathology > Cell Derived Mediators of Inflammation > Flashcards

Cell Derived Mediators of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of cell-derived mediators of inflammation?

A

Vasoactive amines
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Nitric oxide
Platelet activating factor
Cytokines

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2
Q

What cells produce histamine?

A

Basophils and mast cells

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3
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

Increased vascular permeability and increased vasodilation

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4
Q

What is the function of serotonin as an inflammatory mediator?

A

Platelet activation

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5
Q

What are two cell-derived vasoactive amines that mediate inflammation?

A

Histamine and serotonin

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6
Q

What is the most important “superstar” cell-derived mediator of inflammation?

A

Histamine

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7
Q

Where are the highest levels of serotonin located in the body?

A

Gut

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8
Q

Where is arachidonic acid located?

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

What enzyme releases arachidonic acid from the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipase

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10
Q

What plasma derived mediator of inflammation produced from the complement system assists in arachidonic acid metabolism?

A

C5a

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11
Q

What enzyme converts arachidonic acid into leukotrienes and lipoxins?

A

Lipoxygenase (LOX)

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12
Q

What are examples of leukotrienes?

A

LTB4
LTC4
LTD4
LTE4

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13
Q

What is the function of LTB4?

A
  • chemotactic agent for phagocytic cells
  • stimulates phagocytic cell adherence
  • increases vascular permeability
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14
Q

What is the difference between C5a and LTB4 as chemotactic agents?

A

C5a is a plasma derived chemotactic agent in the complement system while LTB4 is a cell derived chemotactic agent for phagocytes in the LOX pathway

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15
Q

What is the function of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4?

A
  • Bronchoconstriction (smooth muscle contraction)
  • increased vasodilation and vascular permeability
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16
Q

What leukotrienes are present in asthmatic and type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4

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17
Q

What drug can inhibit the lipoxygenase enzyme and the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes?

A

Singulair (or other anti-asthmatics)

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18
Q

What enzyme converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxane?

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

19
Q

What is the function of PGE2 and PGD2?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
20
Q

What is the function of PGI2?

A

Inhibits platelet aggregation
(AKA prostacyclin -> keeps the blood cyclin’)

21
Q

What is PGI2 called?

A

Prostacyclin

22
Q

What is TXA2?

A

Thromboxane

23
Q

What is the function of TXA2?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • increases platelet aggregation
24
Q

What drugs can inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme?

A

NSAIDS such as Vioxx, Celebrex, naproxen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and aspirin

25
Q

What does fish oil inhibit in the arachidonic acid cascade?

A

Blockage of linoleic acid conversion to arachidonic acid and blocks arachidonic acid release from the cell membrane

26
Q

What induces the systemic acute-phase reaction?

A

Cytokines

27
Q

What are the various roles of cytokines in inflammation?

A
  • Synthesis of endothelium adhesion molecules and nitric oxide
  • Induce aggregation of neutrophils
  • induce systemic acute-phase reactions
28
Q

What endothelium adhesion molecules are synthesized as a result of cytokines?

A

LTB4, thrombin, selectins, integrins

29
Q

What is the systemic acute-phase reaction?

A
  • Feeling of being sick due to cytokines activation by macrophages
  • Fever, decreased appetite, increased protein synthesis, leukocytosis
30
Q

What can stimulate cytokine secretion by macrophages and T lymphocytes?

A

Endotoxins, immune complexes from a type III hypersensitivity reaction, and physical injury

31
Q

What white blood cells release cytokines?

A

Macrophages and T lymphocytes

32
Q

What are examples of cell-derived cytokines that mediate inflammation?

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF

33
Q

What is interleukin 1 (IL-1) and what is its function?

A
  • Cytokine known as an “endogenous pyrogen” that is the primary cause of fever
  • Primes WBC for inflammation by increasing adherence and metabolism
34
Q

What is the function of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?

A

Triggers cell death

35
Q

What cytokine does tumor necrosis factor (TNF) often get released with?

A

Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

36
Q

What is interleukin 2 (IL-2) and what is its function?

A

Cytokine involved in “self tolerance” that trains cells to know the difference between “self” and “non-self”

37
Q

What is interleukin 6 (IL-6) and what is its function?

A

Cytokine involved in the secondary fever response; Implicated in schizophrenia

38
Q

What is interleukin 8 (IL-8) and what is its function?

A

Cytokine that functions as a cell-derived chemotactic agent for neutrophils

39
Q

What cells synthesize nitric oxide?

A

Endothelial cells and macrophages

40
Q

What is the function of nitric oxide?

A

Vasodilation and cytotoxic as a peroxynitrite free radical

41
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A
  • leukocyte activation
  • interfere w/ viral replication
42
Q

What is platelet activating factor (PAF)?

A
  • very potent & versatile mediator
  • derived from membrane phospholipids
  • synthesized by all inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, & injured tissue
43
Q

What are the functions of PAF?

A
  • increase permeability
  • vasodilation
  • platelet aggregation
  • increase arachidonic acid metabolism
  • increase leukocyte adherence

NYCC Physiopathology (27 decks)

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