Lab Final Review Flashcards by Maggie Gilman

Which is the underlying cause of arteriosclerosis which can result in deposition of new elastin layers on the internal lamina and connective tissue?

A: Chronic congestion
B: Cholesterol plaque accumulation
C: Chronic hypertension
D: Congestive heart failure

C: Chronic hypertension (weakens walls over time)

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Name 3 factors that influence the clinical significance of hemorrhage

Rate of blood loss, Volume of blood loss, Location of the bleed

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Atherosclerosis is always categorized as what pattern of inflammation?

A: Chronic
B: Liquefactive
C: Acute
D: Coagulative

A: Chronic

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Which term refers to a larger superficial hemorrhage in the skin, “bruises”, usually a result of trauma?

A: Petechiae
B: Thromboembolism
C: Transudate edema
D: Ecchymosis
E: Passive hyperemia

D: Ecchymosis

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What is the most common etiology of nutmeg liver?

A: Left sided-heart failure
B: Right sided-heart failure
C: Pulmonary embolism
D: Kidney failure

B: Right sided-heart failure

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Which of the following is NOT a potential clinical consequence/complication of atherosclerosis?

A: Arterial stenosis
B: Mural thrombus formation
C: Thromboembolism resulting in acute myocardial infarction
D: Arterial rupture
E: Air embolism

E: Air embolism

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Which types of cells can act as foam cells?

A: Smooth muscle cells and macrophages
B: T-lymphocytes and macrophages
C: Endothelial cells and macrophages
D: Smooth muscle cells and natural killer cells
E: Macrophages and gitter cells

A: Smooth muscle cells and macrophages

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Histiocytes which are phagocytosing degenerating myelin and appear as fat-laden macrophages with a foamy appearance to the cytoplasm are called ____

A: Lymphocytes
B: Foam cells
C: Myelinophagocytes
D: Gitter cells

D: Gitter cells

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Which of the following may be a likely diagnosis of a patient presenting with non-orthopaedic low back pain if a fracture is ruled out?

A: Aortic aneurysm
B: Pulmonary infarct
C: Saphenous vein thromboembolism
D: Aortic stenosis
E: Pulmonary embolism

A: Aortic aneurysm

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Which of the following would most likely cause ischemic infarct of the kidney?
A: Thrombus in the renal vein
B: Thromboembolism in the renal artery
C: Stenosis of the abdominal aorta
D: Abdominal aortic aneurysm

B: Thromboembolism in the renal artery

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What are the components of Virchow’s Triad?

Endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability
Change in blood flow

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Which of the following is NOT associated with pulmonary edema?

A: Mitral valve heart defect
B: Aortic stenosis
C: Left-sided heart failure
D: Lower extremity cellulitis

D: Lower extremity cellulitis
(LSHF is most common cause)

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A lesion that does not rupture the entire vessel wall, but damages endothelium and allows blood to enter the layers of the vessel wall, separating these layers as it dissects a path along the length of the vessel is called ____

A: Vasculitis
B: Cellulitis
C: Thromboembolism
D: Dissecting aneurysm

D: Dissecting aneurysm

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What term describes impaired exit of blood from organs and tissues through venous pathways?

A: Passive hyperemia
B: Aneurysm
C: Stenosis
D: Pulmonary edema

A: Passive hyperemia (AKA congestion)

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A) What outcome of thrombosis can cause blockages in other small arteries and veins?
B) Name 3 other possible outcomes of thrombosis.

A) thromboembolism
B) lysis/dissolution, organization & recanalization, propagation

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Which complication are we most concerned about with deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities?

A: Portal hypertension
B: Pulmonary embolism
C: Myocardial infarction
D: Aortic aneurysm

B: Pulmonary embolism

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Your patient Karen has recently been diagnosed with a thrombus in her left common carotid artery. What clinical consequence would you be most concerned about for Karen as a result of the thrombus?

A: Fat embolism
B: Renal infarct
C: Coronary artery disease
D: Cerebral infarct

D: Cerebral infarct

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Which type of edema is seen in pitting edema and pulmonary edema?

A: Transudate edema
B: Exudate edema
C: Hematoma
D: Petechiae

A: Transudate edema

What type of stroke would NOT benefit from anti- coagulation therapy?

A: Ischemic
B: Hemorrhagic
C: Stenotic
D: Hematomic

B: Hemorrhagic (rupture/leakage of blood vessel)

What pathology is fibrinoid necrosis typically associated with in small muscular arteries?

A: Atherosclerosis
B: Pulmonary edema
C: Malignant Hypertension
D: Thromboembolism

C: Malignant Hypertension

What is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, causing headaches and visual symptoms?

A: Temporal arteritis
B: Temporal atherosclerosis
C: Temporal infarct
D: Temporal aneurysm

A: Temporal (giant cell) arteritis

Which of the following is a NOT risk factor for varicose veins?

A: Long periods of standing
B: Pregnancy
C: Familial tendency
D: Pulmonary edema

D: Pulmonary edema

Which of the following is usually due to local thrombus or embolization?

A: Hemorrhagic stroke
B: Carotid artery aneurysm
C: Ischemic stroke
D: Subclinical atherosclerosis

C: Ischemic stroke (cerebral strokes)

Which layer of the vessel wall is affected by atherosclerosis?

Tunica intima

What is the process by which a new smaller blood channels are formed through a thrombus? A: Development of a thromboembolism B: Thrombus propagation C: Thrombus dissolution D: Recanalization

D: Recanalization

Which component of an atheroma is closest to and in contact with the lumen of the vessel? A: Cholesterol cleft B: Fibrous cap C: Necrotic core D: Fatty streak

B: Fibrous cap

What term describes any detached intravascular mass? A: Embolism B: Hemorrhage C: Thrombus D: Atherosclerosis E: Edema

A: Embolism

Which cells are characterized by the presence of lipid-filled macrophages? A: Lymphocytes B: HDL cells C: Foam cells D: Cholesterol clefts

C: Foam cells

What is the single most important factor of Virchow's Triad? A: Endothelial damage B: Increased turbulence C: Increased stasis D: Decreased anticoagulant proteins

A: Endothelial damage

Which term describes the process of narrowing and hardening of a blood vessel? A: Thrombus formation B: Stenosis C: Aneurysm D: Infarction

B: Stenosis (clinical consequence of atherosclerosis)

Where would you see deposition of lipid material as cholesterol clefts within the center of an atheroma? A: Superficial fibrous cap B: Tunica media C: Necrotic core D: Tunica adventitia

C: Necrotic core

Which condition is characterized by abnormally high levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood? A: Hyperlipidemia B: Malignant hypertension C: Hypolipidemia D: Obesity

A: Hyperlipidemia

Which of the following is a primary clinical consequence/complication of atherosclerosis? A: Cellulitis B: Dilation and thinning of the arterial wall C: Complete dissolution D: Organization and recanalization

B: Dilation and thinning of the arterial wall (aneurysm)

What is the #1 cause of mortality in the US? A: Myocardial infarction B: Cerebral hemorrhage C: Lung Cancer D: Ischemic stroke

A: Myocardial infarction (CVD)

A normal function of ACE2 is to modulate what molecule? A: IL-3 B: Angiotensin II C: ACE I D: Ig-E

B: Angiotensin II

which of the following is a consequence of atherosclerosis involving the occlusion of a vessel, with the potential for embolization? A: Thrombus B: Aneurysm C: Stenosis D: Edema

A: Thrombus

Which of the following is a part of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which aids in the visualization of atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation on x-rays? A: Thrombosis B: Hyperlipidemia C: Metastatic calcification D: Dystrophic calcification E: Foam cell lipid phagocytosis

D: Dystrophic calcification

What is the term for increased blood supply due to arterial dilation caused by increased functional demand? A: Congestion B: Active hyperemia C: Petechiae D: Pulmonary edema

B: Active hyperemia

Which treatment is used for an ischemic stroke to dissolve blood clots? A: Hemoglobin factors B: Vitamin K C: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) D: Vitamin D

C: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Which of the following is a risk factor for pulmonary embolism? A: Immobility B: Left-sided heart failure C: Hemorrhagic stroke D: Nutmeg liver

A: Immobility

Which condition is most commonly associated with causing fluid buildup in the lungs, known as pulmonary edema? A: Right-sided heart failure B: Left-sided heart failure C: Pulmonary embolism D: Nutmeg liver

B: Left-sided heart failure

What type of exudate is typically associated with cellulitis? A: Purulent exudate B: Transudate edema C: Transudative exudate D: Serous exudate

A: Purulent exudate

What term describes small, pinpoint hemorrhages (1-2mm)? A: Hematoma B: Petechiae C: Purpura D: Ecchymosis

B: Petechiae