Lab Final Review Flashcards
Which is the underlying cause of arteriosclerosis which can result in deposition of new elastin layers on the internal lamina and connective tissue?
A: Chronic congestion
B: Cholesterol plaque accumulation
C: Chronic hypertension
D: Congestive heart failure
C: Chronic hypertension (weakens walls over time)
Name 3 factors that influence the clinical significance of hemorrhage
Rate of blood loss, Volume of blood loss, Location of the bleed
Atherosclerosis is always categorized as what pattern of inflammation?
A: Chronic
B: Liquefactive
C: Acute
D: Coagulative
A: Chronic
Which term refers to a larger superficial hemorrhage in the skin, “bruises”, usually a result of trauma?
A: Petechiae
B: Thromboembolism
C: Transudate edema
D: Ecchymosis
E: Passive hyperemia
D: Ecchymosis
What is the most common etiology of nutmeg liver?
A: Left sided-heart failure
B: Right sided-heart failure
C: Pulmonary embolism
D: Kidney failure
B: Right sided-heart failure
Which of the following is NOT a potential clinical consequence/complication of atherosclerosis?
A: Arterial stenosis
B: Mural thrombus formation
C: Thromboembolism resulting in acute myocardial infarction
D: Arterial rupture
E: Air embolism
E: Air embolism
Which types of cells can act as foam cells?
A: Smooth muscle cells and macrophages
B: T-lymphocytes and macrophages
C: Endothelial cells and macrophages
D: Smooth muscle cells and natural killer cells
E: Macrophages and gitter cells
A: Smooth muscle cells and macrophages
Histiocytes which are phagocytosing degenerating myelin and appear as fat-laden macrophages with a foamy appearance to the cytoplasm are called ____
A: Lymphocytes
B: Foam cells
C: Myelinophagocytes
D: Gitter cells
D: Gitter cells
Which of the following may be a likely diagnosis of a patient presenting with non-orthopaedic low back pain if a fracture is ruled out?
A: Aortic aneurysm
B: Pulmonary infarct
C: Saphenous vein thromboembolism
D: Aortic stenosis
E: Pulmonary embolism
A: Aortic aneurysm
Which of the following would most likely cause ischemic infarct of the kidney?
A: Thrombus in the renal vein
B: Thromboembolism in the renal artery
C: Stenosis of the abdominal aorta
D: Abdominal aortic aneurysm
B: Thromboembolism in the renal artery
What are the components of Virchow’s Triad?
Endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability
Change in blood flow
Which of the following is NOT associated with pulmonary edema?
A: Mitral valve heart defect
B: Aortic stenosis
C: Left-sided heart failure
D: Lower extremity cellulitis
D: Lower extremity cellulitis
(LSHF is most common cause)
A lesion that does not rupture the entire vessel wall, but damages endothelium and allows blood to enter the layers of the vessel wall, separating these layers as it dissects a path along the length of the vessel is called ____
A: Vasculitis
B: Cellulitis
C: Thromboembolism
D: Dissecting aneurysm
D: Dissecting aneurysm
What term describes impaired exit of blood from organs and tissues through venous pathways?
A: Passive hyperemia
B: Aneurysm
C: Stenosis
D: Pulmonary edema
A: Passive hyperemia (AKA congestion)
A) What outcome of thrombosis can cause blockages in other small arteries and veins?
B) Name 3 other possible outcomes of thrombosis.
A) thromboembolism
B) lysis/dissolution, organization & recanalization, propagation
Which complication are we most concerned about with deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities?
A: Portal hypertension
B: Pulmonary embolism
C: Myocardial infarction
D: Aortic aneurysm
B: Pulmonary embolism
Your patient Karen has recently been diagnosed with a thrombus in her left common carotid artery. What clinical consequence would you be most concerned about for Karen as a result of the thrombus?
A: Fat embolism
B: Renal infarct
C: Coronary artery disease
D: Cerebral infarct
D: Cerebral infarct
Which type of edema is seen in pitting edema and pulmonary edema?
A: Transudate edema
B: Exudate edema
C: Hematoma
D: Petechiae
A: Transudate edema
What type of stroke would NOT benefit from anti- coagulation therapy?
A: Ischemic
B: Hemorrhagic
C: Stenotic
D: Hematomic
B: Hemorrhagic (rupture/leakage of blood vessel)
What pathology is fibrinoid necrosis typically associated with in small muscular arteries?
A: Atherosclerosis
B: Pulmonary edema
C: Malignant Hypertension
D: Thromboembolism
C: Malignant Hypertension
What is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, causing headaches and visual symptoms?
A: Temporal arteritis
B: Temporal atherosclerosis
C: Temporal infarct
D: Temporal aneurysm
A: Temporal (giant cell) arteritis
Which of the following is a NOT risk factor for varicose veins?
A: Long periods of standing
B: Pregnancy
C: Familial tendency
D: Pulmonary edema
D: Pulmonary edema
Which of the following is usually due to local thrombus or embolization?
A: Hemorrhagic stroke
B: Carotid artery aneurysm
C: Ischemic stroke
D: Subclinical atherosclerosis
C: Ischemic stroke (cerebral strokes)
Which layer of the vessel wall is affected by atherosclerosis?
Tunica intima
What is the process by which a new smaller blood channels are formed through a thrombus?
A: Development of a thromboembolism
B: Thrombus propagation
C: Thrombus dissolution
D: Recanalization
D: Recanalization
Which component of an atheroma is closest to and in contact with the lumen of the vessel?
A: Cholesterol cleft
B: Fibrous cap
C: Necrotic core
D: Fatty streak
B: Fibrous cap
What term describes any detached intravascular mass?
A: Embolism
B: Hemorrhage
C: Thrombus
D: Atherosclerosis
E: Edema
A: Embolism
Which cells are characterized by the presence of lipid-filled macrophages?
A: Lymphocytes
B: HDL cells
C: Foam cells
D: Cholesterol clefts
C: Foam cells
What is the single most important factor of Virchow’s Triad?
A: Endothelial damage
B: Increased turbulence
C: Increased stasis
D: Decreased anticoagulant proteins
A: Endothelial damage
Which term describes the process of narrowing and hardening of a blood vessel?
A: Thrombus formation
B: Stenosis
C: Aneurysm
D: Infarction
B: Stenosis
(clinical consequence of atherosclerosis)
Where would you see deposition of lipid material as cholesterol clefts within the center of an atheroma?
A: Superficial fibrous cap
B: Tunica media
C: Necrotic core
D: Tunica adventitia
C: Necrotic core
Which condition is characterized by abnormally high levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood?
A: Hyperlipidemia
B: Malignant hypertension
C: Hypolipidemia
D: Obesity
A: Hyperlipidemia
Which of the following is a primary clinical consequence/complication of atherosclerosis?
A: Cellulitis
B: Dilation and thinning of the arterial wall
C: Complete dissolution
D: Organization and recanalization
B: Dilation and thinning of the arterial wall
(aneurysm)
What is the #1 cause of mortality in the US?
A: Myocardial infarction
B: Cerebral hemorrhage
C: Lung Cancer
D: Ischemic stroke
A: Myocardial infarction
(CVD)
A normal function of ACE2 is to modulate what molecule?
A: IL-3
B: Angiotensin II
C: ACE I
D: Ig-E
B: Angiotensin II
which of the following is a consequence of atherosclerosis involving the occlusion of a vessel, with the potential for embolization?
A: Thrombus
B: Aneurysm
C: Stenosis
D: Edema
A: Thrombus
Which of the following is a part of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which aids in the visualization of atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation on x-rays?
A: Thrombosis
B: Hyperlipidemia
C: Metastatic calcification
D: Dystrophic calcification
E: Foam cell lipid phagocytosis
D: Dystrophic calcification
What is the term for increased blood supply due to arterial dilation caused by increased functional demand?
A: Congestion
B: Active hyperemia
C: Petechiae
D: Pulmonary edema
B: Active hyperemia
Which treatment is used for an ischemic stroke to dissolve blood clots?
A: Hemoglobin factors
B: Vitamin K
C: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
D: Vitamin D
C: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Which of the following is a risk factor for pulmonary embolism?
A: Immobility
B: Left-sided heart failure
C: Hemorrhagic stroke
D: Nutmeg liver
A: Immobility
Which condition is most commonly associated with causing fluid buildup in the lungs, known as pulmonary edema?
A: Right-sided heart failure
B: Left-sided heart failure
C: Pulmonary embolism
D: Nutmeg liver
B: Left-sided heart failure
What type of exudate is typically associated with cellulitis?
A: Purulent exudate
B: Transudate edema
C: Transudative exudate
D: Serous exudate
A: Purulent exudate
What term describes small, pinpoint hemorrhages (1-2mm)?
A: Hematoma
B: Petechiae
C: Purpura
D: Ecchymosis
B: Petechiae
