Tremor Flashcards
What is tremor?
rhythmic sinusiodal oscillation of a body part
What is tics?
involuntary stereotyped movements of vocalizations, usually due to alternate activaion of agonist and antagonist muscles
What is chorea?
bried irregular puropseless movements which flit and flow from one body part to another
What is myoclonus??
brief electric-shock like jerks
What is dystonia?
abnormal posture of the affected body part
How is tremor classified?
by position; distribution; frequency and amplitude
What are the causes of resting tremor?
PD; drug-induced parkinsonism; psychogenic tremor
What are the causes of a postural tremor?
essential tremor; enhanced physiological tremor and termor associated with neuropathy (lost proprioception)
What are the causes of a kinetic tremor?
cerebellar disease and wilsons
What is dystonic tremor?
tremor produced by dystonic muscle contraction
What are the first line treatments for dystonic tremor?
propanolol and primidone
What is dystonia?
involuntary sustained muscle contraction which leads to twisting and repeptitive movemnt or abnormal posturing
What are the physiological abnormalities found in dystonia?
loss or reduction in reciprocal inhibition; alterations in brain plasticity and alterations in sensory function
What is the inheritance of torsion dystonia?
autosomal dominant
When does torsion dystonia start?
before the age of 28, usually childhood
Where does torsion dystonia often begin?
in a limb- usually legs
What treatment can be given for focal dystonia?
botulinum toxin
What is the surgical treatment for generalised dystonia?
deep brain stimulation
What is the most common cause of inherited chorea?
Huntington’s disease
What is an autoimmune cause of chorea?
SLE
What can cause paroxysmal chorea?
PD
What is Huntington’s disease?
AD neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive behavioural disturbance, dementia and movement disorder- usually chorea
What happens to th gene with Huntington’s?
CAG triplet-repeat exapansion affecting the huntingtons gene on chromosome 4
What is copropraxia?
production of obscene gestures
What is echopraxia?
copying the movements of others
What is coprolalia?
saying obsecene words
What is echolalia?
copying the words of others
What is palilalia?
repitition of the same phrase, word or syllable
When do primary tic disorders usually start?
childhood
What psychopathology can be associated with tics?
OCD; ADHD; anxiety and self-harm
What is the main feature of tics tremor?
it is suppressible
When does tourette syndrome begin?
<18 years
What gender is mainly affected by tourettes?
males 4:1
What is myoclonus caused by?
bried activation of a group of muscles leading to a jerk of the affectedf body part
What is an example of negative myoclonus?
asterixis- temporary cessation of muscle activity
What investigation is used to characterise myoclonus?
EEG
What is juvenile myoclonus epilepsy?
myoclonic jerks and generliased seizures that begin as a teenager
When do symptoms of juvenile myoclonus epilepsy tend to be worse?
in the mornings
What are typical precipitants of myoclonic jerks and seizures in juvenile myoclonus epilepsy?
alcohol and sleep deprivation
What can be used to treat juvenile myoclonus epilepsy?
sodium valproate and levetiracetam
