Pattern Recognition Flashcards
What are LMN signs?
muscle wasting; weakness; fasciculations and absent/reduced deep tendon reflexes
What are UMN signs?
increased tone; hyper-reflexia; extensor plantar responses; spastic giat; exaggerated jaw jerk and slowed movements
What is a pyramidal/CST pattern of weakness?
weak extensors in the arm and weak flexors in the legs
What are the features of NMJin temrs of weakness; tone and reflexes?
fatigable weakness; normal or decreased tone; normal tendon reflexes
What nerve root governs finger extension?
C7
What nerve root in in hcarge of index finger abduction?
T1
What nerve roots are involved in hip flexion?
L1,2
What nerve root is involved in knee flexion?
S1
what nerve roots are invovled in ankle dorsiflexion?
L4,5
What nerve root is invovled in great toe dorsiflexion?
L5
What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the ankle?
S1,2
What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the knee?
L3,4
What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the biceps?
C5,6
What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the triceps?
C7,8
What does loss of temp/pain sensation but intact vibration, light touch and proprioception suggest?
hemicord damage- anteiror spinal artery syndrome or Brown-Sequard syndrome
What is the difference between Parkinson’s disease and drug induced Parkinsonism?
symmetry in drug induced but PD is asymmetric
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
generates novel strategies and has executive functions, enables self-criticism and trying again
What does the orbitofrontal cortex respond to?
primitive stimuli, damage causes disinhibition
What are the functions of the cingulate gyrus and dorsomedial frontal lobe?
motivation, damage causes lack of will or akinetic mutism
What signs are associated with frontal lobe dysfunction?
personality dysfunction; paraparesus; paratonia; grasp reflex; magnetic gait; incontinence; seizure;sexpressive dyshpagia (if idominant side); anosmia
What are hte features of temporal lobe dysfunction?
memory dysfunction; agnosia (visual and sensory modalities); Wernicke’s ; visual field defects;
What are the types of hyperkinetic movement disorders?
tremor; tics; chorea; myoclonus and dystonia
What drugs can be given for tremor in Parkinson’s ?
anticholinergics; amantadine
What is the MOA of amantadine?
blocks NMDA receptors
What are the cardinla features of PD?
resting tremor; rigiditty; bradykinesia and postural instability
What are the features of a lacunar infarct?
no visual field defect; no higher cortical or brainstem dysfunction; pure sensory or motor hemi; at least 2 of 3 area (face; arm; leg ) invovled
What is seen with a posterior circulation syndrome?
CN palsy; unilateral or bilateral motor/sensory deficit; eye movment; cerebellar dysfunction; homonymous hemianopia; cortical blindness
What is seen with total anterior circulation syndromes?
hemiplegia and homonymous hemianopia contralateral to the lesion and either aphaasia or visuospatial disturbnace
What is seen with partial anterior circulation syndromes?
one or more: unilateral motor/sensory, aphasia or visuospatial neglect
What Qs should be asked with a patient complaining of memory loss?
diffficulties with smelling or taste; headahce; balance, walking or bladder control; depression; head trauma; thyroid anaemia; low B12 ; ant STD/HIV risk; tendency to get lost?
