Pattern Recognition

Question 1

What are LMN signs?

Answer 1

muscle wasting; weakness; fasciculations and absent/reduced deep tendon reflexes

Question 2

What are UMN signs?

Answer 2

increased tone; hyper-reflexia; extensor plantar responses; spastic giat; exaggerated jaw jerk and slowed movements

Question 3

What is a pyramidal/CST pattern of weakness?

Answer 3

weak extensors in the arm and weak flexors in the legs

Question 4

What are the features of NMJin temrs of weakness; tone and reflexes?

Answer 4

fatigable weakness; normal or decreased tone; normal tendon reflexes

Question 5

What nerve root governs finger extension?

Answer 5

C7

Question 6

What nerve root in in hcarge of index finger abduction?

Answer 6

T1

Question 7

What nerve roots are involved in hip flexion?

Answer 7

L1,2

Question 8

What nerve root is involved in knee flexion?

Answer 8

S1

Question 9

what nerve roots are invovled in ankle dorsiflexion?

Answer 9

L4,5

Question 10

What nerve root is invovled in great toe dorsiflexion?

Answer 10

L5

Question 11

What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the ankle?

Answer 11

S1,2

Question 12

What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the knee?

Answer 12

L3,4

Question 13

What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the biceps?

Answer 13

C5,6

Question 14

What is the root innervation for the deep tendon reflexes of the triceps?

Answer 14

C7,8

Question 15

What does loss of temp/pain sensation but intact vibration, light touch and proprioception suggest?

Answer 15

hemicord damage- anteiror spinal artery syndrome or Brown-Sequard syndrome

Question 16

What is the difference between Parkinson’s disease and drug induced Parkinsonism?

Answer 16

symmetry in drug induced but PD is asymmetric

Question 17

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

generates novel strategies and has executive functions, enables self-criticism and trying again

Question 18

What does the orbitofrontal cortex respond to?

Answer 18

primitive stimuli, damage causes disinhibition

Question 19

What are the functions of the cingulate gyrus and dorsomedial frontal lobe?

Answer 19

motivation, damage causes lack of will or akinetic mutism

Question 20

What signs are associated with frontal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 20

personality dysfunction; paraparesus; paratonia; grasp reflex; magnetic gait; incontinence; seizure;sexpressive dyshpagia (if idominant side); anosmia

Question 21

What are hte features of temporal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 21

memory dysfunction; agnosia (visual and sensory modalities); Wernicke’s ; visual field defects;

Question 22

What are the types of hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Answer 22

tremor; tics; chorea; myoclonus and dystonia

Question 23

What drugs can be given for tremor in Parkinson’s ?

Answer 23

anticholinergics; amantadine

Question 24

What is the MOA of amantadine?

Answer 24

blocks NMDA receptors

Question 25

What are the cardinla features of PD?

Answer 25

resting tremor; rigiditty; bradykinesia and postural instability

Question 26

What are the features of a lacunar infarct?

Answer 26

no visual field defect; no higher cortical or brainstem dysfunction; pure sensory or motor hemi; at least 2 of 3 area (face; arm; leg ) invovled

Question 27

What is seen with a posterior circulation syndrome?

Answer 27

CN palsy; unilateral or bilateral motor/sensory deficit; eye movment; cerebellar dysfunction; homonymous hemianopia; cortical blindness

Question 28

What is seen with total anterior circulation syndromes?

Answer 28

hemiplegia and homonymous hemianopia contralateral to the lesion and either aphaasia or visuospatial disturbnace

Question 29

What is seen with partial anterior circulation syndromes?

Answer 29

one or more: unilateral motor/sensory, aphasia or visuospatial neglect

Question 30

What Qs should be asked with a patient complaining of memory loss?

Answer 30

diffficulties with smelling or taste; headahce; balance, walking or bladder control; depression; head trauma; thyroid anaemia; low B12 ; ant STD/HIV risk; tendency to get lost?