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Neurology - professional - batt > Intro to neurones > Flashcards

Intro to neurones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

increase the surface area for synapses, they receive inputs from other neurones and convey graded electrical signals passively (without APs) to the soma

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2
Q

What is the function of the soma?

A

metabolic hub of the neurone, provides axons with nergy and proteins. contains nucleus and other features

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3
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A

RER of the soma

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4
Q

What is the axon initial segment?

A

most excitable part of the neuron where APs are initiated

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5
Q

What is anterograde direction through a nerve?

A

from the soma to the presynaptic terminal

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6
Q

Which viruses exploit retrograde transport?

A

herpes; polio; rabies

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7
Q

Give an example of a unipolar neurone?

A

peripheral autonomic neurone (parasympathethic postganglionic)

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8
Q

What is a psudounipolar neurone?

A

one neurite that bifurcates

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9
Q

Give an example of a pseudounipolar neurone?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

Give an example of a bipolar neurone?

A

retinal bipolar neurone

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11
Q

Give an example of a mulitpolar neurone?

A

lower motor neurone

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12
Q

What are the four functional regions of neurones?

A

input; integrative; conductile and output

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13
Q

What is the overshoot of an AP?

A

brief period when polarity of the membrane is reversed so that the inside is positively charged

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14
Q

Why is there an undershoot?

A

membrane potential becomes more negatively charged than the resting potential for a short period as the potassium channels dont close as soon as resting potential is reached

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15
Q

What factors increase the distance that a signal will spread?

A

increased membrane resistance and decreased axial resistance of axoplasm

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16
Q

How can the axial resistance of the axoplasm be decreased?

A

by increasing the diameter

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17
Q

How does an AP conduct along an axon?

A

postivie charge spreads passivley to negatively charged parts since opposite charges attract

18
Q

Why does an AP not go back the way?

A

channels are refractory

19
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

AP jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

20
Q

What is a node of Ranvier?

A

the space between Schwann cells

21
Q

What are the 3 types of synapse?

A

axodendritic; axosomatic and axoaxonic

22
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A

axodendritic

23
Q

What is the most common excitatory transmitter in the CNS

A

glutamate

24
Q

What response does glutamate generate?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

25
Q

What is the difference ebtween an AP and an epsp?

A

an epsp is local and graded

26
Q

What are the main inhibitory transmitters in the CNS?

A

GABA and glycine

27
Q

What type of response do GABA and glycine generate?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

28
Q

What holds the pre and post-synpatic membranes together?

A

a matrix of fibrous extracellular protein

29
Q

What is the area that pre-synaptic vesicles cluster around?

A

active zone

30
Q

What is the area that contains the neurotransmitter receptors postsynaptically?

A

postsynaptic density

31
Q

What ion does the ipsp use?

A

chloride

32
Q

What is spatial sumation?

A

many inputs converge upon a neurone to determine its output

33
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

a single input may modulate output by variation in AP frequency of that input

34
Q

What type of vesicle are amino acids and amines released from?

A

synaptic vesicles

35
Q

What type of vesicle are peptides released from?

A

secretory vesicles

36
Q

What makes GABA and amines more difficult than amino acids to use?

A

amino acids are found in all cells whereas GABA and amines require specific enzymes in neurones

37
Q

How are transmitters released at synapses?

A

calcium induced release of transmitter (exocytosis)

38
Q

How are enzymes transported from the cell body to the presynaptic terminal?

A

axoplasmic transport via microtubules

39
Q

What is the labeled line principle?

A

primary sensory afferent fibres confer modality by their site of termination in the CNS

40
Q

How does mechanical stimuli cause an AP?

A

stretch of the membrane caused by the dermation causes ions channels to open and create a graded passive depolarisation which creates an AP at the first node of Ranvier

41
Q

How is the frequency of APs generated by receptor potential determined?

A

proportional to the amplitude of the receptor potential or the degree of deformation

42
Q

Where is the greatest sensitivity to change of stimulus strength?

A

low stimulus strength

Neurology - professional - batt (40 decks)

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